Chapter 9 Flashcards by Renee English

During the last \_\_\_\_\_ years or so, focus on intellectual, emotional, and social development has increasingly centred on the brain or central nervous system
A) 60
B) 100
C) 50
D) 75

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What of the following are the 2 most common neurodevelopmental disorders?
A) ADHD
B) Autism
C) Down syndrome 
D) Fetal alcohol syndrome

A, B

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What does ADHD stand for?
A) Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder
B) Attention-deficiency hyperactive disorder
C) Attention-deficiency hyperactivity disorder
D) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

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Which of the following is not a neurodevelopmental disorder?
A) Intellectual disabilities
B) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
C) Motor disorders
D) Tourette syndrome
E) Communication disorders
F) Genetically determined disorders
G) Down Syndrome
H) Depression and anxiety
I) William syndrome
J) Various conditions associated with traumatic and congenital brain injuries (Eg. Cerebral palsy)

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True or False?
Not only are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a wide variety of symptoms, but these symptoms can also vary considerably in severity

True

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True or False?

Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized only in terms of psychological symptoms or intellectual disability

False (While we tend to think of neurodevelopmental disorders in terms of psychological symptoms or intellectual disability, they are also associated with a range of physical symptoms, ranging from the motor difficulties caused by cerebral palsy to the cardiac defects that often accompany Down and Williams syndromes)

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All of the following are the primary cause of some neurodevelopmental disorders, except:
A) Genetic factors
B) Prenatal alcohol use 
C) Perinatal trauma or injury 
D) Brain damage

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Which 2 features do neurodevelopmental disorders all share?
A) The idea that at the root of such disorders is a neurological dysfunction that affects the individual’s capacity for intellectual, emotional, social, and (in some cases) physical development
B) The fact that individuals diagnosed with such disorders often struggle to find jobs
C) The idea that treatment options have yet to be offered for individuals diagnosed with such disorders
D) The fact that individuals diagnosed with such disorders often struggle to fit into society

A, D

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What is the abbreviation for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?
A) FAS
B) FAD
C) FASD
D) FADS

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True or False?

ADHD and autism are by far the most common of the neurodevelopmental disorders

True

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________ is the most common childhood psychiatric disorder in most countries
A) Autism
B) Down syndrome
C) ADHD

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True or False?

ADHD and autism were heard of before WWII

False (ADHD and autism were unheard of before WWII)

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True or False?

Currently, ADHD and autism are regularly diagnosed across the globe, with rates increasing rapidly since the 1980s

True

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True or False?
ADHD and autism are arguably the least complex, controversial, and compelling of the neurodevelopmental disorders with respect to what they represent about children, society, and our understanding and tolerance of behaviours that diverge from the norm

False (These two disorders are arguably the MOST complex, controversial, and compelling of the neurodevelopmental disorders with respect to what they represent about children, society, and our understanding and tolerance of behaviours that diverge from the norm)

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True or False?
ADHD and autism have been subject to almost continuous debate since they emerged during the postwar period about their causes, treatments, and even whether they exist or not

True

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True or False?

ADHD and autism become popular at different times

False (both disorders became popular at roughly the same period of time)

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Both ADHD and autism are primarily diagnosed in:
A) Childhood
B) Adulthood 
C) Teenage years 
D) Infancy

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Which people developed identifies as “aspies”?
A) People diagnosed with autism
B) People diagnosed with FASD
C) People diagnosed with Asperger syndrome
D) People diagnosed with any kind of mental illness

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True or False?
When the DSM-5 was released, Asperger syndrome (which was seen as quite distinct from autism from those who were diagnosed with it) has been rolled into autism spectrum disorder, which was shocking for those people

True

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What is ASD?
A) Autism spectrum dysfunction
B) Autism spectrum disorder 
C) Autistic spectrum dysfunction 
D) Autistic spectrum disorder

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Boys are at least \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD in most countries
A) 4 times
B) 3 times
C) 2 times
D) 5 times

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True or False?

ADHD is characterized by inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive behaviour

True

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Where are the symptoms of ADHD usually first identified?
A) At home with their parents/guardians/caretakers
B) In sports activities
C) At work
D) At school

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When and where were the symptoms of ADHD first historically identified?
A) During the late 1980s in the United States
B) During the late 1950s in the United States
C) During the late 1980s in Canada
D) During the late 1950s in Germany

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True or False? In some settings, such as on the playground, on the basketball court, or in certain types of employment, the symptoms associated with ADHD may be less problematic, and might even be productive

True

True or False? Children diagnosed with ADHD may find it easier to succeed at schools that engage in active, flexible, and hands-on learning

True

True or False? Hyperactive, impulsive, and inattentive behaviours are not particularly unusual, especially for younger, less mature children

True

Children diagnosed with ADHD are typically first identified in school as a result of ___________. A) Misbehaviour alone B) Poor academic achievement alone C) Misbehaviour, poor academic achievement, or a combination of these factors

``` If a clinician uses the DSM-5 checklist to make the diagnosis for ADHD, the child must have presented _______ out of eighteen symptoms consistently over a period of _______ months. A) 12, 6 B) 12, 12 C) 6, 12 D) 6, 6 ```

The following symptoms are related to ADHD, except: A) A child having difficulty waiting their turn B) A child follows through on instructions and succeeds at finishing schoolwork or workplace duties C) A child often talking excessively D) A child often failing to give close attention to detail or makes mistakes

``` A recent estimate of the global prevalence of ADHD suggested that _______ of children had the disorder A) less than 10% B) over 10% C) less than 5% D) over 5% ```

True or False? A series of recent studies focusing on American, Canadian, Taiwanese, Swedish, and Icelandic children have all indicated that the youngest children in a school cohort are the most likely to get an ADHD diagnosis and even more likely to be prescribed medication

True

True or False? Studies generally find that children born before the cut-off point for entry into their school grade are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD

True

``` In terms of ADHD, some people estimate that approximately ________ children received an inappropriate diagnosis and over _________ received stimulant medication due only to relative maturity A) 1.1 million, 800,000 B) 800,000, 1.1 million C) 2 million, 1.1 million D) 1.1 million, 2000 ```

True or False? | The popular image of autism always reflects reality

False (The popular image of autism does NOT always reflect reality)

True or False? | Essentially, the problem with autism is that the person has difficulty understanding the need to be social

True

``` The autism concept did not begin to evolve until the ________. A) 1920s B) 1940s C) 1950s D) 1980s ```

True or False? Dementia is the one exception in terms of psychiatric conditions that has a pathological process, and is therefore the only psychiatric disorder that is unarguably “real” or “reifiable” in medical terms

True

``` What is a historically famous example of a child with ADHD? A) Erik Erikson B) Nelson Chum C) Thomas Clouston D) Fidgety Philip ```

True or False? Many historical figures, ranging from Winston Churchill to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, have been retrospectively diagnosed as having ADHD, often in an attempt to prove that ADHD is a “universal” condition that has always existed in the human population

True

``` What was the first term to describe hyperactive, impulsive, and inattentive children? A) ADHD B) Hyperkinetic impulsive disorder C) Hyperkinetic behaviour syndrome D) ADHFD ```

``` The term “Hyperkinetic impulse disorder” was coined by Eric Denhoff and Maurice Laufer in _______. A) 1948 B) 1949 C) 1957 D) 1972 ```

True or False? | The term “Hyperkinetic impulse disorder” was widely used during the 1950s and 1960s

False (It was NOT widely used during this time)

True or False? “Hyperkinetic impulse disorder” was re-named “hyperkinetic behaviour syndrome”, and still other physicians opted for the term “minimal brain damage”, which later became “minimal brain dysfunction” to first describe what later became known as “ADHD”

True

``` Historically, the DSM-III introduced the term “attention-deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity”, or _________, into popular usage. A) ADHD B) ADD-H C) ADD/ADD-H D) ADD ```

Which of the following is not a key development in the social trajectory of ADHD, which led to its emergence as a disorder? A) WWI: Importance of psychiatry due to interest in keeping soldiers mentally healthy enough to fight B) The rise of hyperactive activity C) The rise of biological and social psychology D) Education reform (Sputnik, GI Bill, National Defence Education Act (NDEA))

True or False? The NDEA put a premium on students staying in school as long as possible in the hope of developing a highly educated workforce. Students were not only expected to graduate from high school, but go on to postsecondary education.

True

True or False? | Although ADHD clearly emerged as an American disorder, it has recently become a more global phenomenon

True

True or False? | The origins of autism have been a matter for debate

True

True or False? Most historians and physicians point to the pioneering articles of Austrian-American psychiatrist Leo Kanner and Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger as the first descriptions of autism

True

``` _______ popularized the term Asperger syndrome A) Lorna Wing B) Leo Kanner C) Hans Asperger D) Bonnie Evans ```

``` Some, such as _________, have argued that the origins of autism should be traced back to the work of Eugen Bleuler and Jean Piaget A) Lorna Wing B) Leo Kanner C) Hans Asperger D) Bonnie Evans ```

``` Which century was once described as the “century of the child”? A) 18th century B) 19th century C) 20th century D) 21st century ```

True or False? | “Pathogized” means “transformed into a medical malady”

True

True or False? | Today, most psychiatrists do not describe ADHD as a genetic neurological deficit

False (Today, most psychiatrists describe ADHD as a genetic neurological deficit)

``` The sort of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention associated with ADHD was not seen as particularly problematic until the __________. A) late 1930s B) late 1950s C) late 1980s D) early 1980s ```

``` The term _________ was coined in 1906 by Austrian pediatrician Clemens von Pirquet to describe pathological reactions to pollen, insect stings, animals, and food A) rashes B) radioactivity C) allergy D) enigma ```

There is a link between ______ and ADHD symptoms. A) food expenditure B) food allergy C) behavioural deficits

True or False? | By the 1910s and 1920s, American physicians were describing how food could cause behavioural problems in children

True

``` San Francisco allergist Ben F. Feingold made the connection between food chemicals and hyperactivity in children and advocated an additive-free __________ as an alternative to stimulant medication A) Pro-stimulant B) Proa movement C) Bengold diet D) Feingold diet ```

True or False? Perhaps the most controversial explanation for ADHD is simply that it is a social construction; in other words, it does not exist

True

True or False? Autism is thought to be rooted in the brain, but genetic, environmental, or other causal factors have yet to be established.

True

Although Leo Kanner is thought to have favoured biological explanations for autism, he described how among the parents of the autistic children he observed, there were _________. A) many warmhearted fathers or mothers B) highly unintelligent fathers or mothers C) very few warmhearted fathers or mothers D) highly sociable fathers or mothers

``` The most influential and contentious theory linking parenting and autism came from Austrian-American psychoanalyst ___________. A) Erik Erikson B) Emil Kraepelin C) Leo Kanner D) Bruno Bettelheim ```

``` One of the factors that Kanner noted in his 1943 paper was that children with autism tended to have __________ early in life A) dietary problems B) social problems C) anger issues D) violence tendencies ```

``` The group “Defeat Autism Now!” was founded by autism pioneer, __________. A) Leo Kanner B) Bernard Rimland C) Judy Dench D) Bianca Roosevelt ```

What is chelation therapy? A) A process that uses drugs to remove metals from the bloodstream B) A process that uses gluten to make children sick and go to the bathroom C) A process that encourages parents to talk to their children about the things they discuss in therapy to create a supportive at-home environment

True or False? | Researchers continue to search for the cause(s) of autism, although pinpointing any precise factor remains elusive

True

True or False? While no genetic causation for autism alone has been found, there are several known genetic conditions that are associated with increased risk of “comorbid” autism, such as Down syndrome

True

True or False? | For the majority of individuals diagnosed with autism, it is possible to identify any precise cause via genetic testing

False (For the majority of individuals diagnosed with autism, it is NOT possible, at least not yet, to identify any precise cause via genetic testing)

``` ADHD is a disorder that is almost synonymous with its most conventional treatment: __________. A) illegal drugs B) explicit drugs C) tolerant substances D) stimulant drugs ```

``` Although many ADHD drugs have emerged over the years, the most famous (or infamous) remains _________, the first one to be approved for use in children in __________. A) Cocaine, 1965 B) Ritalin, 1962 C) Ritalin, 1980 D) Methylphenidate, 1980 ```

``` Ritalin was made famous through its association with _______. A) Autism B) All developmental disorders C) ADHD D) Autism and ADHD ```

True or False? Ritalin was originally marketed in the early 1950s to treat fatigue, lethargy, and depression in institutionalized patients and older adults

True

``` Ritalin was controversial because it did not work for approximately _________ of patients and, as recent research has suggested, the evidence supporting Ritalin’s efficacy might not be particularly strong A) 50% B) 40% C) 30% D) 20% ```

True or False? | Ritalin and other ADHD drugs were readily associated with illicit amphetamines

True

``` Which of the following is not a side effect associated with ADHD drugs? A) Diarrhea B) Insomnia C) Depression and fatigue D) Anorexia E) Bedwetting and stomach aches F) Irritability G) Facial tics H) Cardiovascular problems and hallucinations ```

True or False? Rather than considering alternative treatments, however, most physicians advised that children could go on “drug holidays” when children were away from school or could be prescribed additional drugs (ranging from antidepressants to growth hormones) to counteract the side effects associated with ADHD drugs

True

True or False? Since pharmaceutical companies tend to fund most research into drugs and their side effects, there has been little attention paid to the safety of stimulant use in children

True

Which of the following is not an alternative explanation to the known side effects of ADHD drugs? A) Elimination diets (Eg. Feingold diet) B) Educational interventions C) Cognitive behavioural theory and various forms of mind-body therapy D) All of the above are true

True or False? Arguably, with ADHD, the treatment that is offered first (medication) is the alternative that should be provided only after all others have failed.

True

True or False? Dozens of factors may cause, trigger, or exacerbate behavioural problems in children, so offering drugs should be our last resort when treating children diagnosed with ADHD

True

True or False? | ADHD is increasingly managed as a lifelong condition

True

What does lifelong stimulant medication have a significant implication on for treating a child diagnosed with ADHD? A) The child’s sense of self B) The child’s perceptions of the world around them C) The child’s violent tendencies D) The child’s emotional state

True or False? | Autism is very different from ADHD in terms of treatment

True

True or False? | There is a “magic bullet” drug for autism

False (There is NO “magic bullet” drug for autism)

True or False? National guideline organizations such as SIGN in Scotland and NICE in England and Wales have produced detailed guidelines for the treatment of autism to advise clinicians of the evidence base for prescribing medications, as well as the approach that should be used

True

What is applied behaviour analysis (ABA)? A) A psychological intervention for the treatment of autism B) A psychological intervention for the treatment of ADHD C) A physiological intervention for the treatment of autism D) A physiological intervention for the treatment of ADHD

Which of the following is false about the neurodiversity movement? A) It has emerged in recent decades to argue that autism, neurodevelopmental conditions, and mental illness more generally are not pathological, but instead, reflect variations of normalcy B) It was coined by Judy Singer in the late 1990s C) Neurodiversity reflects the idea that those who diverge from the norm, sometimes referred to as “neurodivergents”, cannot be cured, and are part of one’s identity D) Neurodivergents understand themselves as “wired” the same as everyone else E) Tends to be associated with high-functioning individuals

D (Neurodivergents understand themselves as simply “wired” differently)

True or False? In recent years, some have come to challenge the entire notion that ADHD and autism are mental disorders in need of treatment

True