Chapter 9

Question 1

The consists of how many skeletal muscles

Answer 1

Over 600

Question 2

Skeletal muscles are composed of (4 things)

Answer 2

Skeletal muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Blood
Connective tissue

Question 3

Thin covering of connective tissue around a muscle

Answer 3

Fascia

Question 4

Cord-like mass of connective tissue that connects muscle to a bone

Answer 4

Tendon

Question 5

Sheet-like mass of connective tissue that connects a muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle

Answer 5

Aponeurosis

Question 6

Surrounds whole muscle; lies beneath fascia

Answer 6

Epimysium

Question 7

Surrounds fascicles within a muscle

Answer 7

Perimysium

Question 8

Surrounds muscle fibers(cells) within a fascicle

Answer 8

Endomysium

Question 9

Cell membrane of muscle fiber

Answer 9

Sarcolemma

Question 10

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber

Answer 10

Sarcoplasm

Question 11

Consists of sarcomeres connected end-to-end

Answer 11

Myofibrils

Question 12

Made by arrangement of myofilaments in myofibrils

Answer 12

Striation pattern

Question 13

Composed of myosin protein, heads form cross-bridges with thin filament (filament)

Answer 13

Thick filament

Question 14

Composed of actin protein, associated with troponin and tropomyosin, which prevent cross-bridge formation when muscle is not contracting (filament)

Answer 14

Thin filaments

Question 15

Results from a movement within the myofibrils, in which the actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, shortening the sarcomeres. Muscle fiber shortens and pulls on attachment sites.

Answer 15

Skeletal muscle contraction

Question 16

A type of synapse, also called “myoneural junction” site where an axon of motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber interact. Skeletal muscle fibers contract only when stimulated by a motor neuron. (Junction)

Answer 16

Neuromuscular junction

Question 17

Parts of motor neuron

Answer 17

Motor neuron
Motor end plate
Synaptic plate
Synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitters

Question 18

Neuron that controls skeletal muscle fiber

Answer 18

Motor neuron

Question 19

Specialized folded portion of skeletal muscle fiber, where fiber binds to neurotransmitter.

Answer 19

Motor end plate

Question 20

Membrane-bound sacs containing neurotransmitters

Answer 20

Synaptic vesicles

Question 21

Chemicals released by motor neurons to deliver message to muscle fiber

Answer 21

Neurotransmitters

Question 22

Neurotransmitter for muscle contraction

Answer 22

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 23

Enzyme that rapidly decomposes ACH remaining in the synapse

Answer 23

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 24

Glycolysis, occurs in cytoplasm, produces little ATP (phase of cellular respiration)

Answer 24

Anaerobic phase

Question 25

Citric acid cycle and electron transport system, occurs in mitochondria, produces the most ATP, myoglobin stores extra oxygen in muscles

Answer 25

Aerobic phase

Question 26

Inability to contract muscle; decreased blood flow, Ion imbalances across the sarcolemma, loss of desire to continue exercise, accumulation of lactic acid

Answer 26

Muscle fatigue

Question 27

Sustained, involuntary muscle contraction, may be caused by changes in electrolyte concentration in extracellular fluids in the area

Answer 27

Muscle cramp

Question 28

————— cells are a major source of body heat

Answer 28

Muscle cells

Question 29

Transports heat throughout body core

Answer 29

Blood

Question 30

Continuous state of partial contraction in resting muscles

Answer 30

Muscle tone (Tonus)

Question 31

Muscle changes length but force is constant

Answer 31

Isotonic contraction

Question 32

Constant length but force changes

Answer 32

Isometric contraction

Question 33

Muscle contracts with force greater than resistance and shortens (type contraction)

Answer 33

Concentric contractions

Question 34

Muscle contracts with force less than resistance and lengthen (type of contraction)

Answer 34

Eccentric contraction

Question 35

Muscle contracts but does not change length (type of contraction)

Answer 35

Isometric contraction

Question 36

Multinucleated, sacroplasmic reticulum- endoplasmic reticulum of muscle; stores calcium

Answer 36

Skeletal muscle

Question 37

Covers binding sites on actin, prevents myosin and actin from binding, muscle fiber relaxes

Answer 37

Troponin-tropomyosin complex

Question 38

Shorter, single, centrally located nucleus, elongated with tapering ends, lack striation, lack transverse tubules, sacroplasmic reticulum not well developed.

Answer 38

Smooth muscle

Question 39

Two types of smooth muscle

Answer 39

Multi unit smooth muscle Visceral smooth muscle

Question 40

Cells less organized, function as a separate units, fibers function independently, found on IRIS of eye, walls of blood vessels, stimulated by neurons, hormones.

Answer 40

Multi unit smooth muscle

Question 41

Single-unit smooth muscle; cells respond as a unit, sheets of spindle-shaped muscle fibers, fibers held together by gap junctions, exhibit rhythmicity, conduct peristalsis, walls of hollow organs, most common type of smooth muscle

Answer 41

Visceral smooth muscle

Question 42

Smooth muscle contraction differs from skeletal because

Answer 42

Smooth muscle lacks troponin; uses calmodulin instead. Two neurotransmitters affect smooth muscle; Acetylcholine ACh and norepinephrine NE

Question 43

Located only in heart Striated muscle cells Fibers branch, contain a single nucleus Self-exciting and rhythmic Longer refractory period than skeletal muscles No sustained or tetanic contractions

Answer 43

Cardiac muscles

Question 44

Action of muscle depends mainly on two factors

Answer 44

Type of joint it is associated with Way muscle is attached on both sides of the joint

Question 45

Muscle that causes an action

Answer 45

Agonist

Question 46

Agonist primarily responsible for movement

Answer 46

Prime mover

Question 47

Muscles that assist agonist/prime mover

Answer 47

Synergists

Question 48

Muscles whose contractions cause movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover

Answer 48

Antagonist