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BIOL 235 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Different terms for a joint?

A

Articulation or arthrosis

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2
Q

What is a joint?

A

Point of contact between two bones, bone and cartilage, or bone and teeth

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3
Q

What is the scientific study of joints called?

A

Arthrology

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4
Q

What’s the study of motion of the human body called?

A

Kinesiology

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5
Q

What are the three structural classifications of a joint?

A
  1. Fibrous joints
  2. Cartilaginous joints
  3. Synovial joints
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6
Q

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. AmphiarthrosiS
  3. Diarthrosis
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7
Q

Fibrous joints

A

No synovial cavity
Bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue that’s rich in collagen fibers

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8
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

No synovial cavity
Bones held together by cartilage

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9
Q

Synovial joint

A

Synovial cavity
United by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments

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10
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable joint

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11
Q

Ampihiarthrosis

A

Slightly moveable joint

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12
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely moveable joint
Synovial joint
Variety of shapes and permit several different types of movements

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13
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

sutures, syndesmoses, and interosseous membranes

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14
Q

Suture

A

Fibrous joint
Only between skull bones
Immovable in adults or slightly moveable in infants

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15
Q

Synostosis

A

A suture that is replaced by bone in an adult resulting in a complete fusion of two separate bones into one

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16
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Fibrous joint
Greater distance between articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture
Dense irregular connective tissue arranged in a bundle, allowing the joint limited movement

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17
Q

Interosseous membranes

A

Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue defines neighbouring long bones and permit slight movement

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18
Q

What are the two principal interosseous membrane joints in the body and what are there use?

A

Between the radius and the ulna in the forearm and the tibia and fibula in the leg
help to hold adjacent long bones together
play an important role in defining range of motion
provide an increased attachment service for muscles that produce movement of the digits

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19
Q

What are the three types of cartilaginous joint?

A
  1. Synchodroses
  2. Symphyses
  3. Epiphyseal
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20
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Cartilaginous joint
connecting material is hyaline cartilage
slightly moveable to immoveable

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21
Q

Symphyses

A

Cartilaginous joint
ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and a flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
all symphyses occur in the midline of the body
slightly moveable

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22
Q

Epiphyseal cartilages

A

Hyaline cartilage growth centres during endochondral bone formation. not joints associated with movement immovable joint
for example the epiphyseal growth plate

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23
Q

What are the unique characteristics of a synovial joint?

A

A synovial cavity and articular cartilage

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24
Q

Synovial cavity

A

A space between articulating bones allows considerable movement in the joint which classifies them is freely moveable

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25
Articular cartilage
A layer of hyaline cartilage covering bones at the synovial joint cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of bones with a smooth slippery surface but does not bind them together reducing friction during movement to help absorb shock
26
Articular capsule
Sleeve like joint capsule surrounds a synovial joint encloses the synovial cavity Unites articulating bones composed of two layers outer fibrous membrane inner synovial membrane
27
Fibrous membrane of the articular capsule
Consist of dense irregular connective tissue that attaches to the Periosteum of the articulating bones allows considerable movement at a joint and prevents bones from dislocating some fibres arranged in bundles of dense regular connective tissue called ligaments Is one of the principal mechanical factors that holds bones close together
28
Synovial membrane in articular capsule
Composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibres accumulations of adipose tissue called articular fat pads such as in the knee
29
Synovial fluid
viscous, clear or yellow fluid consisting of hyaluronic acid secreted by synovial cells in the synovial membrane interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma forms a thin film over the surfaces within the articular capsule function: reducing friction, absorbing shock, supplying oxygen and nutrients, removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes within the articular cartilage contain phagocytotic cells that remove microbes and debris from the joint
30
Accessory ligaments
Intracapsular ligaments and extra capsular ligaments
31
Articular disc’s
Depict the lateral and medial meniscus in the knee joint Which bind strongly to the inside of the fibrous membrane and usually subdivide the synovial cavity into two spaces functions include 1. shock absorption 2. better fit between articulating boney surfaces 3. providing adaptable surfaces for combine movements 4. weight distribution over a greater contact surface 5. distribution of synovial lubricant across the articular surfaces of the joint
32
Labrum
Prominent in the ball and socket joints of the shoulder and hip is the fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of the joint socket helps to deepin the joint socket and increases the area of contact between the socket and the ball-like surface of the head of the humerus or femur
33
Blood and nerve supply in synovial joints?
Many of the components of synovial joints are avascular arteries in the vicinity send out numerous branches that penetrate the ligaments and articular capsule to deliver oxygen and nutrients the chondrocytes in the articular cartilage of a synovial joint receive oxygen and nutrients from synovial fluid derived from blood
34
Bursae
Saclike structures strategically situated to alleviate friction in some joints such as shoulder and knee joints
35
Tendon sheaths
Tube like bursae, Rap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction as they pass through tunnels formed by connective tissue and bone
36
Lateral flexion
Occurs along the frontal plane and involve the intravertebral joints
37
Hyperextension
Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
38
Flexion
There is a decrease in the angle between articulating bones
39
Extension
Increase in the angle between articulating bones
40
What are the types of movements that can occur at synovial joints?
1. Gliding 2. Angular movement 3. Rotation 4. Special movements
41
Gliding
Nearly flat bone services move side to side and back-and-forth no significant alteration of the angle between the bones Limited range but can be combined with rotation
42
What are angular movements and the types?
Increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones 1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Lateral flexion 4. Hyper extension 5. Abduction 6. Adduction 7. Circumduction
43
Abduction
The movement of a bone away from the midline
44
Adduction
The movement of a bone toward the midline
45
Circumduction
Movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle
46
Rotation
A bone revolves around it on longitudinal axis
47
Medial (internal) rotation
A movement where the anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned towards the midline
48
Lateral (external) rotation
If the anterior surface of the bone of the limb is turned away from the midline
49
Special movements
1. Elevation 2. Depression 3. Protraction 4. Retraction 5. Inversion 6. Eversion 7. Dorsiflexion 8. Plantar flexion 9. Supination 10. Pronation 11. Opposition
50
Protraction
Is a movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane
51
Retraction
The movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position
52
Inversion
Is the movement of the sole medially at the intertarsal joints
53
Dorsiflexion
Refers to the bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint in the direction of the dorsum
54
Plantar flexion
Involves bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the planter or inferior surface
55
Supination
Is the movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palmers turned anteriorly
56
Pronation
Is a movement of the forearm of the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna in the palm is turned posteriorly
57
Opposition
Is the movement of the thumb of the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of your fingers on the same hand
58
What are the six types of synovial joints?
1. Plane 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Condyloid 5. Saddle 6. Ball- and- socket
59
Plane joints
Also called plantar joints flat slightly curved biaxial if they rotate as well they are triaxial back-and-forth or side to side movement between flat surfaces of bones but can also rotate against one another
60
Hinge joints
The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone produce an angular opening and closing motion like a hinge door uniaxial because they allow motion around a single access permit only flexion and extension
61
Pivot joints
Rounded or appointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament uniaxial because it allows rotation only around it on longitudinal axis
62
Condyloid joints
The convex oval shape projection of one bone fits into the oval shape depression of another bone Biaxial because the movement it permits is around two axes plus limited circumduction
63
Saddle joints
articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the saddle as a sitting rider would sit the movements of a saddle joint are the same as a condyloid joint biaxial plus limited circumduction
64
Ball-and-socket joints
Consists of the ball like surface of one bone fitting into a cup like depression of another bone Triaxial permitting movements around the three axes
65
Tempo to mandibular joint (TMJ)
Combined hinge and plane joint formed by the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone the only freely moveable joint between the skull bones Only the mandible moves
66
Shoulder joint
Ball and socket, head of humerus and glue pod cavity
67
Anatomical components of shoulder joint?
1. Articular capsule 2. Coracohumeral ligament 3. Glenhumeral ligaments 4. Transverse humeral ligament 5. Glenoid labrum 6. Bursae
68
Movements of shoulder joint
Allows flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and Circumduction of arm. Ligaments of shoulder strengthen it some but most strength comes from surrounding muscle especially rotator cuff muscle
69
Elbow joint
I hinge joint formed by the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius
70
Elbow joint anatomical components
1. Articular capsule 2. Ulnar collateral ligament 3. Radial collateral ligament 4. Annular ligament of the radius
71
Elbow joint movements
Flexion and extension
72
Hip joint
Ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the Acetabulum of the hip bone
73
Anatomical components of the hip joint
Articular capsule Ligament of the head of the femur
74
Movements of the hip joint
Flexion, extension, abduction, ad duction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, and Circumduction of the thigh
75
Knee joint
Modified hinge joint that consists of three joints within a single synovial cavity two tibiofemoral joint and one patellofemoral joint
76
Anatomical components of knee joint
1. Articular capsule 2. Medial and lateral patellar retinacula 3. Patellar ligament 4. Tibial collateral ligament 5. Fibulae collateral ligament 6. Intracapsular ligament 7. Anterior crucial ligament (ACL) 8. Posterior crucial ligament (PCL) 9. Articular disc (menisci) 10. Medial meniscus 11. Lateral meniscus 12. Bursae of the knee
77
Movements of the knee joint
Flexion, extension, slight medial rotation, lateral rotation of the leg in the flexed position

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

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