Chapter 9

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

Perceptual experience when the body interacts with a physical quality of the environment

Question 2

What type of light are butterflies able to see that we can’t? and snakes?

Answer 2

butterflies can see UV
Snakes can see infrared (night vision)

Question 3

are longer or shorter light waves more dangerous

Answer 3

shorter

Question 4

cornea

Answer 4

clear outer covering of the eye providing protection and initial focus

Question 5

pupil

Answer 5

controls the amount of light that enters the eye

Question 6

Iris

Answer 6

coloured part of the eye that controls the pupil

Question 7

lens

Answer 7

helps focus on images by changing shapes and reflecting image to retina

Question 8

retina

Answer 8

lining on the back of the eye where neural signals are created

Question 9

fovea

Answer 9

center of view, most focused

Question 10

optic disc and blind spot

Answer 10

the beginning of the optic nerve where signals leave the eye

Question 11

In dim light the pupil _________ to get as much light as possible

Answer 11

expands

Question 12

T/F The lens becomes less flexible with age making it harder to focus

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Myopia

Answer 13

near-sighted, difficulty focusing on farther items

Question 14

Hyperopia

Answer 14

far-sighted, difficulty focusing on closer items

Question 15

Presbyopia

Answer 15

Age related far-sightedness

Question 16

What part of the eye converts light into neural signals

Answer 16

receptors (rods and cones) in the retina

Question 17

Which cells in the retina directly respond to light waves

Answer 17

Receptor cells

Question 18

Where are receptor cells located in the retina

Answer 18

furthest from the light

Question 19

horizontal cells

Answer 19

allow communication between different nearby receptors

Question 20

bipolar cells of the retina

Answer 20

pass information from receptors to ganglion cells

Question 21

amacrine cells

Answer 21

allow communication between nearby ganglion cells

Question 22

ganglion cells

Answer 22

axons form optic nerve and bring signals to the brain

Question 23

What part of the rods and cones responds to the light

Answer 23

the outer segment which contains discs that hold pigment molecules that react chemically to the light

Question 24

are there more rods or cones

Answer 24

rods

Question 25

where are the cones heavily concentrated?

Answer 25

Fovea

Question 26

were are there no rods

Answer 26

fovea

Question 27

distribution of cones allow

Answer 27

focus at fovea and colour vision everywhere

Question 28

______ are sensitive to light and are important in dim light

Answer 28

rods

Question 29

Macular degeneration

Answer 29

age related loss of cones in fovea (blind spot in middle of eye)

Question 30

Retinitis pigmentosa

Answer 30

loss off rods and cones on peripheral retina (tunnel vision)

Question 31

Axons of ______ form the optic nerve

Answer 31

ganglion cells

Question 32

Magnocellular (M) cells

Answer 32

ganglion cells that get info from rods

Question 33

Parvocellular (P) cells

Answer 33

Ganglion cells that get info from cones

Question 34

Signals from the __________ go to the right visual cortex

Answer 34

left visual field

Question 35

optic chiasm

Answer 35

point where some visual signals cross to opposite hemisphere

Question 36

signals from the right half of each retina are from the ____ visual field and processed in the _____ hemisphere

Answer 36

Left, right

Question 37

LGN

Answer 37

Area in the thalamus which transmits visual signals to the visual cortex

Question 38

T/F optic nerves send one way signals

Answer 38

True

Question 39

T/F nerves in the visual cortex send one way signals

Answer 39

F - signals go back and forth due to more complex arrangement

Question 40

what % of visual neurons synapse in the thalamus where the optic nerve ends

Answer 40

90%

Question 41

Tectopulvinar pathway

Answer 41

A secondary visual pathway which travels to the superior colliculus in the midbrain, responsible for orientation and reflexive pupil dilation

Question 42

Retinohypothalamic pathway

Answer 42

secondary visual pathway which makes connections with the SCN in the hypothalamus, triggering the release of sleep hormones

Question 43

Which cells send signals through the retinohypothalamic pathway

Answer 43

M-cells from rods

Question 44

Geniculostriate pathway

Answer 44

the main visual neural pathway, through the LGM in the thalamus to the visual cortex and back

Question 45

What part of the thalamus refines and organizes visual signals

Answer 45

LGN

Question 46

Retinotopic map

Answer 46

mapped out areas of the retina on the LGN

Question 47

In the LGN, layers 1-2 are the _____ (P or M) cells

Answer 47

M cells, for light

Question 48

The left LGN processes the _____

Answer 48

right visual field

Question 49

_________ of the brain flips the image that is projected on to the retina

Answer 49

visual cortex

Question 50

the top of the visual field is processed at the ________ of the ________

Answer 50

bottom of the visual cortex

Question 51

The central part of the visual cortex is larger and processes _______

Answer 51

the fovea (central visual field)

Question 52

T/F physical energy in the environment does not have perceptive quality, it is our brain that determines perception of these qualities

Answer 52

true

Question 53

T/F It is common for animals to be colourblind

Answer 53

F - they can often see more colours than us

Question 54

Colour reflectance

Answer 54

the colour we see is the wavelength reflected off the object from the light

Question 55

There are 3 different types of ____ which distinguish wavelength and allow us to see colour

Answer 55

cones

Question 56

what are the 3 types of cones

Answer 56

S-cones (blue) M-cones (green) L-cones (red)

Question 57

Scotopic vision

Answer 57

night vision, where rods are dominant

Question 58

photopic vision

Answer 58

Vision in day light, where cones and rods allow us to see detail and colour

Question 59

What colour is brightest with scotopic vision? Photopic?

Answer 59

blue, yellow

Question 60

purkinje shift

Answer 60

the shift from cone dominated to rod dominated vision at night

Question 61

Dichromatism

Answer 61

red-green colour deficiency

Question 62

T/F The mantis shrimp has a record 12 colour receptors and can see more colours than humans

Answer 62

f-cannot see more colours

Question 63

opponent processing

Answer 63

opponent cells beyond the retina help create colour perception, hence the presence of after images

Question 64

______ allows for fine colour perception

Answer 64

ratio of cone activity received and processed by opponent neurons