Chapter 9

Question 1

Motives

Answer 1

An internal force that leads an individual to behave in a particular way

Question 2

Instinct

Answer 2

A genetically endowed tendency to behave in a particular way

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

The body’s tendency to maintain internal equilibrium through various forms of self-regulation

Question 4

Pain matrix

Answer 4

A distributed network of brain regions, including the amygdala, that respond to many types of pain

Question 5

Intrinsically rewarding

Answer 5

Being pursued for its own sake

Question 6

Extrinsically rewarding

Answer 6

Being pursued because of rewards that are not an inherent part of the activity or object

Question 7

Glucostatic hypothesis

Answer 7

The hypothesis that hunger and eating are regulated by the body’s monitoring and adjustment of blood glucose levels

Question 8

Lipostatic hypothesis

Answer 8

The hypothesis that adipose tissue plays an important role in governing hunger and regulating long-term energy balance

Question 9

Body weight set point

Answer 9

The weight an organism will seek to maintain despite alterations in dietary intake

Question 10

Metabolic rate

Answer 10

The rate at which the body uses energy

Question 11

Unit bias

Answer 11

The amount of food that is regarded as a single serving

Question 12

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 12

An eating disorder characterized by an extreme concern with being overweight and by compulsive dieting, sometimes to the point of self-starvation

Question 13

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 13

An eating disorder characterized by repeated binge-and-purge bouts

Question 14

Binge-eating disorder

Answer 14

An eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of bing eating without inappropriate compensatory behavior

Question 15

Body mass index

Answer 15

A measure of whether someone is at healthy weight or not; BMI is calculated as one’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of one’s height in meters

Question 16

Thrifty gene hypothesis

Answer 16

The evolutionary hypothesis that natural selection has favored individuals with efficient metabolisms that maximize fat storage

Question 17

Estrus

Answer 17

A female mammal’s period of sexual receptivity

Question 18

Neurodevelopmental perspective

Answer 18

This perspective holds that sexual orientation is built into the circuitry of the brain in early fetal development

Question 19

Performance orientation

Answer 19

A motivational stance that focuses on performing well and looking smart

Question 20

Mastery orientation

Answer 20

A motivational stance that focuses on learning and improving

Question 21

Hierarchy of motives

Answer 21

The order in which needs are thought to become dominant. According to Abraham Maslow, people will strive to meet their higher-order needs, such as self-actualization and self-transcendence, only when their lower, more basic needs like food and safety have been met.

Question 22

Self-actualization

Answer 22

The desire to realize one’s full potential

Question 23

Self-transcendence

Answer 23

The desire to further a cause that goes beyond the self

Question 24

Emotion

Answer 24

The coordinated behaviors, feelings, and physiological changes that occur when a situation becomes relevant to our personal goals

Question 25

Display rules

Answer 25

Cultural rules that govern the expression of emotion

Question 26

Discrete emotions approach

Answer 26

An approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on specific emotions such as anger, fear, and pride

Question 27

Dimensional approach

Answer 27

An approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on dimensions such as pleasantness and activation

Question 28

Alexithymia

Answer 28

An extreme difficulty in identifying and labeling one’s emotions

Question 29

Happiness set point

Answer 29

The level of happiness that is characteristic of a given individual

Question 30

Adaptation

Answer 30

A phenomenon whereby an individual stops noticing a stimulus that remains constant over time, resulting in enhanced detection of stimulus changes.

Question 31

James-Lange theory

Answer 31

The theory that the subjective experience of emotion is the awareness of one's own bodily reactions in the presence of certain arousing stimuli.

Question 32

Cannon-bard theory

Answer 32

The theory that a stimulus elicits an emotion by triggering a particular response in the brain (in the thalamus), which then causes both the physiological changes associated with the emotion and the emotional experience itself.

Question 33

Schachter-singer theory

Answer 33

The theory that emotion arises from the interpretation of bodily responses in the context of situational cues

Question 34

Empathy

Answer 34

The capacity to accurately track what others are feeling

Question 35

Affect-as-information perspective

Answer 35

The idea that affective states play an important role in shaping problem-solving and decision making

Question 36

Self-control

Answer 36

The attempt to modify automatic or “default” responses in a particular situation

Question 37

Willpower

Answer 37

The ability to engage in self control

Question 38

Strength model of ego control

Answer 38

According to this model, self-regulatory efforts draw on a finite pool of cognitive resources. Repeated self-regulatory demands may deplete these resources, leading to failures of self-control. See also ego depletion.

Question 39

Ego depletion

Answer 39

A state of diminished self-regulatory ability due to repeated demands on cognitive resources required for self-regulation. See also strength model of ego control.

Question 40

Emotion regulation

Answer 40

An attempt to modify one or more aspects of the emotion-response trajectory

Question 41

Reappraisal

Answer 41

A type of emotion regulation that involves altering the meaning of a potentially emotion-eliciting situation in order to alter one's emotional response to that situation. See also suppression.

Question 42

Suppression

Answer 42

A type of emotion regulation that involves inhibiting one’s ongoing emotion-expressive behavior. See also reappraisal

Question 43

External environment

Answer 43

The one we usually mean when we talk about environment, includes other creatures with which the organism interacts

Question 44

Internal environment

Answer 44

Includes the concentrations of various salts in the body’s fluids; the dissolved oxygen levels; and the quantities of nutrients like glucose, the sugar that most organisms use as their body’s main fuel

Question 45

Drive

Answer 45

An internal state of biological and psychological tension brought about by deviations from homeostasis

Question 46

Drive-reduction account of motivation

Answer 46

Drive calling forth behavior that reduces the drive and thus helps return the body to equilibrium

Question 47

Incentives

Answer 47

Positive goals that we seek to achieve

Question 48

Dual-center theory

Answer 48

The contrasting roles of the lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedial hypothalamus where the lateral hypothalamus serves as the “go” center for eating, while the ventromedial hypothalamus serves as the “stop” center

Question 49

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 49

A a peptide that releases a satiety signal from the intestinal tract which favors stopping eating

Question 50

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Answer 50

A peptide that releases a potent hunger-inducing signal from the hypothalamus which favors eating

Question 51

Adipose cells

Answer 51

Fat cells; long-term energy resource

Question 52

Leptin

Answer 52

Signals that there is plenty of fat in storage and there is no need to add more

Question 53

Ghrelin

Answer 53

When fat stores are depleted, the stomach lining secretes this hormone which promotes eating

Question 54

Binge eating

Answer 54

Eating a larger amount of food than is typical within a relatively brief time period

Question 55

Compensatory behavior

Answer 55

The subsequent actions to try and ensure that the binge eating does not translate into weight gain

Question 56

Libido

Answer 56

Sexual interest

Question 57

Excitement phase

Answer 57

The first phase of the sexual response cycle, where heart rate and blood pressure increase, breathing quickens, and there is increased muscle tension and blood flow to the sexual organs

Question 58

Plateau phase

Answer 58

The second phase of the sexual response cycle where heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension continue to rise, but more slowly

Question 59

Orgasm phase

Answer 59

The third phase of the sexual response cycle characterized by heightened arousal and a series of rhythmic muscle contractions

Question 60

Resolution phase

Answer 60

The final phase of the sexual response cycle when the heart rate and blood pressure drop and muscles relax

Question 61

Fraternal birth order effect

Answer 61

States that compared to straight men, gay men are more likely to have older brothers, which each additional older brother increasing the likelihood of being gay by about 33%

Question 62

Fixed mindset

Answer 62

People assume their abilities are relatively fixed and unlikely to change in the future

Question 63

Growth mindset

Answer 63

People assume that their abilities can change and grow in response to new experiences or learning

Question 64

Situation selection

Answer 64

Choosing to expose yourself to some situations (and not others) based in part on the emotional impact you expect the situation to have. For example, if you really like a friend who lives down the hall from you, you might make an extra point of walking by their room so you can chat with them, boosting your mood.

Question 65

Situation modification

Answer 65

Changing one or more aspects of a situation you are in so it has a different emotional impact for you. For example, if you're being distracted in class by a student who keeps watching YouTube, you can change seats to limit your annoyance.

Question 66

Attentional deployment

Answer 66

Changing your attentional focus. For example, you can shift your attention to your plans for later in the evening if you're feeling bored by a class presentation.

Question 67

Cognitive change

Answer 67

Modifying your thinking to change how you feel. For example, if a friend doesn't respond to your greeting, you can think about how preoccupied they must be, rather than thinking that they were blowing you off.

Question 68

Response modulation

Answer 68

Changing one or more aspects of your emotional responses. For example, you might exaggerate your pleasure at receiving a gift from your parents, even when it's not something you wanted.