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P 11B > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Motives

A

An internal force that leads an individual to behave in a particular way

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2
Q

Instinct

A

A genetically endowed tendency to behave in a particular way

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s tendency to maintain internal equilibrium through various forms of self-regulation

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4
Q

Pain matrix

A

A distributed network of brain regions, including the amygdala, that respond to many types of pain

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5
Q

Intrinsically rewarding

A

Being pursued for its own sake

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6
Q

Extrinsically rewarding

A

Being pursued because of rewards that are not an inherent part of the activity or object

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7
Q

Glucostatic hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that hunger and eating are regulated by the body’s monitoring and adjustment of blood glucose levels

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8
Q

Lipostatic hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that adipose tissue plays an important role in governing hunger and regulating long-term energy balance

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9
Q

Body weight set point

A

The weight an organism will seek to maintain despite alterations in dietary intake

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10
Q

Metabolic rate

A

The rate at which the body uses energy

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11
Q

Unit bias

A

The amount of food that is regarded as a single serving

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12
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterized by an extreme concern with being overweight and by compulsive dieting, sometimes to the point of self-starvation

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13
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterized by repeated binge-and-purge bouts

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14
Q

Binge-eating disorder

A

An eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of bing eating without inappropriate compensatory behavior

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15
Q

Body mass index

A

A measure of whether someone is at healthy weight or not; BMI is calculated as one’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of one’s height in meters

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16
Q

Thrifty gene hypothesis

A

The evolutionary hypothesis that natural selection has favored individuals with efficient metabolisms that maximize fat storage

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17
Q

Estrus

A

A female mammal’s period of sexual receptivity

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18
Q

Neurodevelopmental perspective

A

This perspective holds that sexual orientation is built into the circuitry of the brain in early fetal development

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19
Q

Performance orientation

A

A motivational stance that focuses on performing well and looking smart

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20
Q

Mastery orientation

A

A motivational stance that focuses on learning and improving

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21
Q

Hierarchy of motives

A

The order in which needs are thought to become dominant. According to Abraham Maslow, people will strive to meet their higher-order needs, such as self-actualization and self-transcendence, only when their lower, more basic needs like food and safety have been met.

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22
Q

Self-actualization

A

The desire to realize one’s full potential

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23
Q

Self-transcendence

A

The desire to further a cause that goes beyond the self

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24
Q

Emotion

A

The coordinated behaviors, feelings, and physiological changes that occur when a situation becomes relevant to our personal goals

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25
Q

Display rules

A

Cultural rules that govern the expression of emotion

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26
Q

Discrete emotions approach

A

An approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on specific emotions such as anger, fear, and pride

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27
Q

Dimensional approach

A

An approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on dimensions such as pleasantness and activation

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28
Q

Alexithymia

A

An extreme difficulty in identifying and labeling one’s emotions

29
Q

Happiness set point

A

The level of happiness that is characteristic of a given individual

30
Q

Adaptation

A

A phenomenon whereby an individual stops noticing a stimulus that remains constant over time, resulting in enhanced detection of stimulus changes.

31
Q

James-Lange theory

A

The theory that the subjective experience of emotion is the awareness of one’s own bodily reactions in the presence of certain arousing stimuli.

32
Q

Cannon-bard theory

A

The theory that a stimulus elicits an emotion by triggering a particular response in the brain (in the thalamus), which then causes both the physiological changes associated with the emotion and the emotional experience itself.

33
Q

Schachter-singer theory

A

The theory that emotion arises from the interpretation of bodily responses in the context of situational cues

34
Q

Empathy

A

The capacity to accurately track what others are feeling

35
Q

Affect-as-information perspective

A

The idea that affective states play an important role in shaping problem-solving and decision making

36
Q

Self-control

A

The attempt to modify automatic or “default” responses in a particular situation

37
Q

Willpower

A

The ability to engage in self control

38
Q

Strength model of ego control

A

According to this model, self-regulatory efforts draw on a finite pool of cognitive resources.
Repeated self-regulatory demands may deplete these resources, leading to failures of self-control. See also ego depletion.

39
Q

Ego depletion

A

A state of diminished self-regulatory ability due to repeated demands on cognitive resources required for self-regulation. See also strength model of ego control.

40
Q

Emotion regulation

A

An attempt to modify one or more aspects of the emotion-response trajectory

41
Q

Reappraisal

A

A type of emotion regulation that involves altering the meaning of a potentially emotion-eliciting situation in order to alter one’s emotional response to that situation. See also suppression.

42
Q

Suppression

A

A type of emotion regulation that involves inhibiting one’s ongoing emotion-expressive behavior. See also reappraisal

43
Q

External environment

A

The one we usually mean when we talk about environment, includes other creatures with which the organism interacts

44
Q

Internal environment

A

Includes the concentrations of various salts in the body’s fluids; the dissolved oxygen levels; and the quantities of nutrients like glucose, the sugar that most organisms use as their body’s main fuel

45
Q

Drive

A

An internal state of biological and psychological tension brought about by deviations from homeostasis

46
Q

Drive-reduction account of motivation

A

Drive calling forth behavior that reduces the drive and thus helps return the body to equilibrium

47
Q

Incentives

A

Positive goals that we seek to achieve

48
Q

Dual-center theory

A

The contrasting roles of the lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedial hypothalamus where the lateral hypothalamus serves as the “go” center for eating, while the ventromedial hypothalamus serves as the “stop” center

49
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

A a peptide that releases a satiety signal from the intestinal tract which favors stopping eating

50
Q

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

A peptide that releases a potent hunger-inducing signal from the hypothalamus which favors eating

51
Q

Adipose cells

A

Fat cells; long-term energy resource

52
Q

Leptin

A

Signals that there is plenty of fat in storage and there is no need to add more

53
Q

Ghrelin

A

When fat stores are depleted, the stomach lining secretes this hormone which promotes eating

54
Q

Binge eating

A

Eating a larger amount of food than is typical within a relatively brief time period

55
Q

Compensatory behavior

A

The subsequent actions to try and ensure that the binge eating does not translate into weight gain

56
Q

Libido

A

Sexual interest

57
Q

Excitement phase

A

The first phase of the sexual response cycle, where heart rate and blood pressure increase, breathing quickens, and there is increased muscle tension and blood flow to the sexual organs

58
Q

Plateau phase

A

The second phase of the sexual response cycle where heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension continue to rise, but more slowly

59
Q

Orgasm phase

A

The third phase of the sexual response cycle characterized by heightened arousal and a series of rhythmic muscle contractions

60
Q

Resolution phase

A

The final phase of the sexual response cycle when the heart rate and blood pressure drop and muscles relax

61
Q

Fraternal birth order effect

A

States that compared to straight men, gay men are more likely to have older brothers, which each additional older brother increasing the likelihood of being gay by about 33%

62
Q

Fixed mindset

A

People assume their abilities are relatively fixed and unlikely to change in the future

63
Q

Growth mindset

A

People assume that their abilities can change and grow in response to new experiences or learning

64
Q

Situation selection

A

Choosing to expose yourself to some situations (and not others) based in part on the emotional impact you expect the situation to have. For example, if you really like a friend who lives down the hall from you, you might make an extra point of walking by their room so you can chat with them, boosting your mood.

65
Q

Situation modification

A

Changing one or more aspects of a situation you are in so it has a different emotional impact for you. For example, if you’re being distracted in class by a student who keeps watching YouTube, you can change seats to limit your annoyance.

66
Q

Attentional deployment

A

Changing your attentional focus. For example, you can shift your attention to your plans for later in the evening if you’re feeling bored by a class presentation.

67
Q

Cognitive change

A

Modifying your thinking to change how you feel. For example, if a friend doesn’t respond to your greeting, you can think about how preoccupied they must be, rather than thinking that they were blowing you off.

68
Q

Response modulation

A

Changing one or more aspects of your emotional responses. For example, you might exaggerate your pleasure at receiving a gift from your parents, even when it’s not something you wanted.

P 11B (11 decks)

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