Chapter 9

Question 1

Articulations

Answer 1

a point of contact between bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bones.

Question 2

Structural classification of joints

Question 3

Functional classification of joints

Question 4

Bursae

Answer 4

Strategically situated to alleviate friction in some joints, such as the shoulder and knee joints.

Question 5

Menisci

Question 6

Tendon sheath

Answer 6

they wrap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction as they pass through tunnels formed by connective tissue and bone

Question 7

Aponeuroses

Question 8

Ligament

Question 9

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 9

the articulating bones are tightly connected by either a solid piece of hyaline cartilage or fibrous cartilage

Question 10

Fibrous joints

Answer 10

movement that occurs at a fibrous joint varies from immovable to slightly movable and depends in most cases on the length of the collagen fibers

Question 11

Synovial joints

Answer 11

permit movements that range from slightly movable to freely movable.

Question 12

Synartgroses

Question 13

Amphiarthroses

Question 14

Diarthorses

Question 15

Gomphosis

Answer 15

in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a cavity with a small amount of dense irregular connective tissue.

Question 16

Synchondrosis

Answer 16

is a cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is a solid piece of cartilage that allows little or no movement.

Question 17

Syndesmosis

Answer 17

is a fibrous joint in which there is generally a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture.

Question 18

Symphysis

Answer 18

is a cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a broad, flat disc of fibrous cartilage connects the bones.

Question 19

Articular cartilage

Answer 19

The surfaces of the bones within a synovial joint are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage

Question 20

Articular capsule

Answer 20

surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the articular cavity, and unites the articulating bones. The articular capsule is composed of two layers, an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane

Question 21

synovial fluid

Answer 21

clear or pale yellow fluid named for its similarity in appearance and consistency to uncooked egg white. Synovial fluid consists of hyaluronic acid secreted by synovial cells (synoviocytes) in the synovial membrane and interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma

Question 22

Joint cavity

Question 23

Tibial collateral ligament (TCL) (MCL)

Answer 23

Broad, flat ligament on the medial surface of the joint that extends from the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia

Question 24

Fibular collateral ligament (FCL) (LCL)

Answer 24

Strong, rounded ligament on the lateral surface of the joint that extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral side of the head of the fibula

Question 25

Gliding movement

Answer 25

the nearly flat surfaces of bones move back and forth and side to side.

Question 26

Angular movement

Answer 26

a change in the angle between bones occurs. Examples are flexion–extension, lateral flexion, and abduction–adduction.

Question 27

Flexion

Answer 27

there is a decrease in the angle between articulating bones

Question 28

Extension

Answer 28

there is an increase in the angle between articulating bones, often to restore a part of the body to the anatomical position after it has been flexed

Question 29

Hyperextension

Answer 29

movement beyond the normal range of motion.

Question 30

Abduction

Answer 30

is the movement of a bone away from the midline

Question 31

Adduction

Answer 31

is the movement of a bone toward the midline.

Question 32

Circumduction

Answer 32

is movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle

Question 33

Rotation

Answer 33

a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.

Question 34

Elevation

Answer 34

is a superior movement of a part of the body, such as closing the mouth at the temporomandibular joint to elevate the mandible

Question 35

Depression

Answer 35

is an inferior movement of a part of the body, such as opening the mouth to depress the mandible

Question 36

Protraction

Answer 36

is a movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane.

Question 37

Retraction

Answer 37

is a movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position

Question 38

Inversion

Answer 38

is movement of the sole medially at the intertarsal joints

Question 39

Eversion

Answer 39

Is a movement of the sole laterally at the intertarsal joints

Question 40

Dorsiflexion

Answer 40

refers to bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint (between the tibia, fibula, and talus) in the direction of the dorsum (superior surface)

Question 41

Plantar Flexion

Answer 41

involves bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar or inferior surface

Question 42

Supination

Answer 42

is a movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the radius and ulna are parallel to one another and palm is turned anteriorly

Question 43

Pronation

Answer 43

is a movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly

Question 44

Opposition

Answer 44

is the movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint (between the trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb) in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand

Question 45

Plane/Gliding joint

Answer 45

primarily permit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements between the flat surfaces of bones, but they may also rotate against one another.

Question 46

Hinge Joint

Answer 46

hinge joints produce an angular, opening-and-closing motion like that of a hinged door.

Question 47

Pivot Joint

Answer 47

the rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament

Question 48

Condylar joint

Answer 48

the convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone

Question 49

Saddle joint

Answer 49

The articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the “saddle” as a sitting rider would sit

Question 50

Ball and socket joint

Answer 50

consists of the ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone