Chapter 9 Flashcards
Social developments to 1914 (31 cards)
How had factory workers grown from 1900 to 1913?
From two million to six million
How much had the Empire’s urban population grown by in 1917?
It had quadrupled from 7 to 28 million
How many people in St.Petersburg were peasants by birth?
Three out of four people were peasants by birth in 1914
What were living conditions like for urban workers?
Dangerously overcrowded, lacking in adequate sanitation, in barrack-like buildings
How many inhabitants died of cholera in 1908-09?
30,000
How were women paid by 1914?
Although they made up of 1/3 of the workforce, they earned less than half the average industrial wage
How high was inflation in 1914?
40%
What worker’s legislation was introduced in 1895?
The prohibition of night-time employment of women and children
What worker’s legislation was introduced in 1912?
The introduction of sickness and accident insurance for workers
How did education change from 1905-14?
There was an 85% rise in primary school education and the government promoted the development of technical schools
How many children were in full-time education by 1914?
55%
Why was political activism rare by 1905?
Strike activity was illegal and the Secret Police was efficient
How many worker’s stoppages were there in 1914?
3574 stoppages
How many workers were killed in the Lena goldfields strike in 1912?
270 were killed and 250 were injured
Why did the Lena goldfields massacre happen?
After miner ringleaders were arrested, several thousand miners tried to present petitions
How many peasants took advantage of the Trans-Siberian railways?
3.5 million
What were the greatest social problems amongst Russian peasantry?
High mortality rates, too few doctors, teachers in short supply, around 60% illiteracy
Was the Russian nobility severly affected by land redistribution?
No, as there was no redistributive taxation nor attacks on landed wealth
How did the Russian nobility maintain their influence?
They were regularly appointed to provincial governships and had their own noble assembly
How did social mobility begin in the middle classes?
Some nobles’ sons chose to join the business world and some members of the working class became factory managers
What are some examples of ‘new positions’?
Managers, statisticians, pharmacists, insurance specialists and civil engineers
How much did the number of doctors increase by from 1897 to 1914?
From 17,000 to 28,000 between 1897 and 1914
What professional political lobbying group was established in 1906?
The Association of Industry and Trade
How were urban former peasants easy targets for political groups?
Alienation from families, loss of former identity, economic and social discontentment
