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BIOCHEM MIDTERMS > CHAPTER 9 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

LEVELS OF STRUCTURES IN NUCLEIC ACIDS

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary & Quaternary

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2
Q

Order of bases in the polynucleotide sequence

A

Primary structure

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3
Q

3D conformation of the polynucleotide backbone

A

Secondary structure

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4
Q

Structure that uses Supercoiling of the molecule in nucleotide

A

Tertiary structure

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5
Q

Structure of nucleotide that has an Interaction with other classes of macromolecules

A

Quaternary structure

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6
Q

Has 3 units [Purine, pyrimidine or phosphate groups]

A

NUCLEOTIDES

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7
Q

Six-membered ring and Parent compounds of several nucleobases

A

Pyrimidine bases

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8
Q

Nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds that make up the coding portion of nucleic acids

A

Nucleic acid bases

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9
Q

five-membered ring and Parent compounds of adenine and guanine

A

Purine bases

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10
Q

common nucleobases in pyrimidine

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

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11
Q

common nucleobases in purine

A

Adenine and Guanine

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12
Q

Has longer name but shorter structures

A

Pyrimidine

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13
Q

Has shorter name but longer structures

A

Purine

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14
Q

Purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

A

NucleoSide

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15
Q

has 2 component and Lacks phosphate group

A

NucleoSide

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16
Q

Has Three components

A

NucleoTide

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17
Q

What are the components of NucleoTide

A

Sugar, Base and Phosphate group

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18
Q

How NucleoTide produces nucleic acids

A

By Polymerization

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19
Q

Forms the backbone of nucleic acids; esterified to the 3ʹ hydroxyl of one nucleoside and the 5ʹ hydroxyl of another nucleoside

A

3ʹ, 5ʹ-phosphodiester bond

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20
Q

Common system of notation uses only the single letters to show the order of the bases

A

DNA

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21
Q

5 amp signifies what?

A

5ʹ-adenosine monophosphate

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22
Q

3 amp signifies what?

A

3ʹ adenosine monophosphate

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23
Q

Where dG is part of?

A

DNA

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24
Q

G stands for? and part of?

A

Guanosine, RNA only

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25
How sequence should be read?
5' to 3' sequence
26
Structure In DNA Sequence of bases along the pentose-phosphodiester
Primary Structure
27
DNA Ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands
Secondary Structure
28
Fundamental structural motif of DNA
DNA DOUBLE HELIX
29
Who proposes DNA DOUBLE HELIX?
James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953
30
Based on what is DNA DOUBLE HELIX?
Based on X-ray crystallography
31
How does base pairing is identified?
By Hydrogen Bonding
32
A—T base pair has ______ hydrogen bonds?
2 hydrogen bonds
33
G—C base pair has ______ hydrogen bonds
3 hydrogen bonds
34
Larger of two empty spaces
Major groove
35
Smaller of two empty spaces
Minor groove
36
Considered the normal, physiological DNA form
B-DNA
37
Right-handed helix
B-DNA
38
Whats the Difference of B-DNA & A-DNA?
both are Right-handed helix but A-DNA is thicker
39
Has 10 base pairs per turn of the helix
B-DNA
40
Has 11 base pairs per turn of the helix and not found in vivo techniques
A-DNA
41
Left-handed double helix
Z-DNA
42
plays in regulation of gene expression
Z-DNA
43
Has extra twists in closed circular DNA
DNA SUPERCOILS
44
Type of double-stranded DNA in which the 5ʹ and 3ʹ ends of each strand are joined by phosphodiester bonds
Circular DNA
45
DNA with fewer than normal number of turns of the helix
negative supercoils
46
DNA with more than normal number of turns of the helix
positive supercoils
47
Coil direction of Counterclockwise
Positive Supercoils
48
Coil direction of clockwise
Negative supercoils
49
Enzymes that relax supercoiling in closed circular DNA
TOPOISOMERASES
50
Cut the phosphodiester, pass the other end through, and reseal
Class I
51
Cut both strands, cut ends, and reseal
Class II
52
Bacterial topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils
DNA gyrase
53
Complex of DNA and protein
Chromatin
54
Basic proteins found complexed to eukaryotic DNA
Histones
55
Main types of Histones
H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4
56
What are the basic amino acid residues in Histones
lysine and arginine
57
What is the structure-like of chromatin
beads on a string
58
Globular structure in which DNA is wrapped around an aggregate of histone molecules
Nucleosome
59
String portions are called
spacer regions
60
This is when Energy must be added to a sample of DNA to break the hydrogen bonds and to disrupt the stacking interactions
Denaturation of DNA
61
Denaturation should be carried out by? and also known as?
Heat denaturation; Melting
62
Bases absorb light in the what wavelength region?
260-nm-wavelength
63
Does Wavelength of Absorption does not change? T or F
TRUE
64
If Wavelength of Absorption does not change, the Amount of light absorbed is?
Increases
65
Does Renaturation is possible? How?
Yes, by slow cooling
66
It is a single stranded helix
RNA
67
what is the Pentose unit?
Beta D-Ribose
68
Single-stranded polynucleotide chain between 73 and 94 nucleotide residues long
tRNA
69
what type of bonding occurs in tRNA?
Intrachain hydrogen bonding
70
tRNA carries amino acid on which end?
3' end
71
Ribonucleic acid is found in?
Ribosomes
72
What is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
73
Used to monitor the dissociation and reassociation of ribosomes
Analytical Untracentrifugation
74
This involves Transcription
mRNA
75
This is known as draft before to be a complete RNA
heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
76
This interrupts the messages and should be removed
Introns
77
Found in nucleus of eukaryotic cells and has About 100 to 200 nucleotides long
snRNA
78
Help with processing of the iniPal mRNA transcribed from DNA into a mature form
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Partcles (snRNPs)
79
snRNPs is Protein–RNA complexes found in the nucleus that aid in processing RNA molecules and exported to?
Cytosol
80
Who unwinds DNA double helix?
DNA HELICASE
81
What is the direction of movement of DNA helicase?
To the Direction of movement of replication fork
82
Who ensures correct base pairing
DNA POLYMERASE
83
What is the preferred direction of DNA polymerase on a forming daughter strand?
5’ to 3’
84
What is the preferred direction of DNA polymerase on a forming daughter strand?
5’ to 3’
85
Who seals nicks/gaps of okazaki fragments?
Ligase
86
Which strand grows in segments?
Lagging strand
87
Other term of lagging strand?
Okazaki fragments

BIOCHEM MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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