Chapter 9 Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is developmental psychology?
How people change from conception to death
What are the two major types of development studied in developmental psychology?
Physical and cognitive
List the stages of development.
- Prenatal
- Infancy
- Toddlerhood
- Early childhood
- Middle childhood
- Late childhood
- Adolescence (young, middle, late)
- Emerging adulthood
- Young adulthood
- Middle adulthood
- Late adulthood
- Death and dying
What occurs during prenatal development?
Development occurs before birth
Define the germinal period.
First 2 weeks after conception; fertilized ova moves down fallopian tube to uterus and rapidly divides
What happens during the embryonic period?
Weeks 3-8; rapid development of organs and limbs; basic body systems start to develop
What is the fetal period?
2 months till birth; organs continue to develop; majority of birth weight
What are teratogens?
Anything that can cause a problem or harm development during prenatal development
When are teratogens particularly problematic?
During the embryonic period
Define temperament.
Referring to predispositions we have
Identify the three types of temperament in babies.
- Easy babies
- Slow to warm up
- Difficult
What is attachment in developmental psychology?
An emotional-based bond
Who is the primary attachment figure?
A caregiver; the person you go to when you feel threatened or afraid
What is a secure base?
Where you go to when you feel discomfort; the primary attachment figure should be there
What is the ‘strange situation’?
An experiment to observe infants’ reactions when left alone in a room and when a stranger enters
What are the three styles of attachment observed in infants?
- Secure attachment
- Insecure-avoidant attachment
- Insecure-resistant attachment
What characterizes secure attachment?
Healthiest attachment style; child uses parent as a secure base and is easily soothed upon reunion
What is the authoritarian parenting style?
Very demanding with expectations and rules; not responsive to children’s needs
Authoritarian parents impose strict rules and expect obedience without providing emotional support.
What characterizes the authoritative parenting style?
Best outcomes; a nice mix between rules and responsiveness; enforces rules with explanations
Authoritative parents are flexible and willing to adapt their rules based on context.
Describe the permissive parenting style.
Doesn’t enforce rules or expectations; more of a friend than a parent
Permissive parents are lenient and often avoid setting firm boundaries.
What is the disengaged parenting style?
Neglectful and hands-off; not involved in the child’s life
Disengaged parents have few rules or expectations and show indifference.
What is cognitive development in children?
The process by which children make sense of their environment, gradually developing skills
Cognitive development varies across different ages, with children processing information differently.
What are the four stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)
- Preoperational stage (2-7 years)
- Concrete operational stage
- Formal operational stage
Each stage is characterized by unique cognitive abilities and limitations.
What occurs during the sensorimotor stage?
Children make sense of the world through manipulation and sensations
This stage focuses on interaction with the environment.
