chapter 9 Flashcards
DNA as the genetic material and its structure and composition (26 cards)
Describe the properties of the genetic material
- Able to carry information: It must contain the info. necessary to make an entire organism &
control traits - Able to be transmitted: It must be passed from parent to offspring or, during growth, from parent cell to daughter cells
- Able to replicate: It must be copied in order to be passed from parent to offspring or parent cell to daughter cells
- Able to vary: It must be capable of changes to account for the known phenotypic variation
5.Stability: Needs to survive with little change over time
key features of the double helical model of DNA structure
- 2 strands of DNA
- phosphate sugar backbone of each strand is OUTSIDE
-nitrogenous base on the inside - bases on opposite strands are hydrogen bonded to each other
- complementary bases (a-t) (c-g)
- 2 strands are antiparallel (5’-3’/ 3’-5’)
-10 nucleotides per complete turn of double helix - major/minor grooves which allow proteins to bind to bases
Explain how the double helix structure suggests how DNA can fulfill the requirements of the genetic material.
carries info by the 4 diff. subunits that are in any order
replicates by its 2 strands that are held tg. by complementary base pairs (A-T, 2 hydrogen bonds then G-C, 3 hydrogen bonds) allows for each strand to serve as template for synthesis of a new copy of other strand.
nucleotide
Base + sugar + phosphates
- ATP,ADP,AMP
nucleoside
Base + sugar
- Adenosine, deoxyadenosine
what are the blueprints in cells for making proteins and where are they located
DNA in the middle of cells (NUCLEUS)
what are the cellular structures (factories) produce proteins
ribosomes
how does DNA get to the ribosome
mRNA carries copy segments of DNA code out of nucelous to ribosome in cytoplasm
commercial vaccines
previously carried modified viruses or pieces of them to train the immune system to attack invading microbes
mRNA vaccine
carries instructions to allow the body’s cells to make their own viral proteins, which would better mimic a real viral infection and possibly prompt a stronger immune response.
what is a gene
segment of DNA that encodes RNA/protein product
steps in expression of genetic info.
DNA is transcribed (copied) into RNA (nucleus). mRNA copy of gene is then translated into protein (chain of amino acids in cytoplasm)
mRNA vaccines carry instructions for our cells to make
spike protein of SARS-CoV-2
steps in the expression of genetic
information in eukaryotes
Transcription, RNA processing, translation
Griffith experiment
R bacteria can be transformed into S bacteria by something
from S bacteria - in rats
- something in the dead type S
bacteria was transforming type
R bacteria into type S (transformation process)
- something in dead S is lethal by itself
- substance that makes that happen is transforming principle
Avery, Macleod, & McCarty experiment
after griffith ; found that DNA is the “transforming principle” that transforms R bacteria into S on plates
- used biochemical purfication approach
- mixed transforming principle w. live R and treated with antibodies to R bacteria, then grew bacteria on plates and looked for S colonies to identify transformation
major macromolecules
in living cells
DNA, RNA, proteins,
carbohydrates, and lipids
nucelic acids have directionality due to …
5’ end and 3’ end
5’ end of nucleic acid is
free phosphate (-PO4)
3’ end of nucleic acid is a
free hydroxyl (-OH)
T/F: enzymes that degrade many different types of macromolecules also destroy activity of transforming prinicple
False
true or false: protein degarding ezymes destroy activity of the transforming principle
false
what do the major and minor grooves of the double helix enable?
transcription factor proteins to bind to nucleotide sequence, helping regulate expression of genetic info.
difference between DNA and RNA
RNA can catalyze reactions (DNA cant)
DNA is more stable than RNA
RNA subunits are A,C,G,U
DNA subunits are A,C,G,T
