Chapter 9

Question 1

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Answer 2

Concept

Question 3

a mental image or best example of a category

Answer 3

Prototype

Question 4

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Answer 4

Algorithm

Question 5

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

Answer 5

Heuristic

Question 6

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

Answer 6

Insight

Question 7

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Answer 7

Confirmation Bias

Question 8

in thinking, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving.

Answer 8

Fixation

Question 9

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Answer 9

Mental Set

Question 10

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Answer 10

Intuition

Question 11

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Answer 11

Representativeness Heuristic

Question 12

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Answer 12

Availability Heuristic

Question 13

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Answer 13

Overconfidence

Question 14

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Answer 14

Belief Perserverance

Question 15

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Answer 15

Framing

Question 16

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Answer 16

Creativity

Question 17

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Answer 17

Convergent Thinking

Question 18

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that spreads in different directions)

Answer 18

Divergent Thinking

Question 19

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Answer 19

Language

Question 20

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Answer 20

Phoneme

Question 21

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Answer 21

Morpheme

Question 22

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Answer 22

Grammar

Question 23

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Answer 23

Babbling Stage

Question 24

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Answer 24

One-Word Stage

Question 25

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

Answer 25

Two-Word Stage

Question 26

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

Answer 26

Telegraphic Speech

Question 27

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

Answer 27

Aphasia

Question 28

hbrain area involved in language comprehension; usually in left temporal lobeelps control language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Answer 28

Broca's Area

Question 29

brain area involved in language comprehension; usually in left temporal lobe

Answer 29

Wernicke's Area

Question 30

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Answer 30

Linguistic Determinism