Psych 1

Question 1

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Answer 1

Critical Thinking

Question 2

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Answer 2

Hindsight Bias

Question 3

scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy

Answer 3

Peer Reviwers

Question 4

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Answer 4

Theory

Question 5

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Answer 5

Hypothesis

Question 6

the possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment

Answer 6

Falsifiable

Question 7

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study.

Answer 7

Operational Definition

Question 8

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Answer 8

Replication

Question 9

a non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Answer 9

Case Study

Question 10

a non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Answer 10

Naturalistic Observation

Question 11

a non-experimental technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

Answer 11

Survey

Question 12

bias from people’s responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes

Answer 12

Social Desirability Bias

Question 13

bias when people report their behavior inaccurately

Answer 13

Self-Report Bias

Question 14

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

Answer 14

Sampling Bias

Question 15

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Answer 15

Random Sample

Question 16

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

Answer 16

Population

Question 17

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

Answer 17

Correlation

Question 18

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

Answer 18

Correlation Coefficient

Question 19

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical l to measure

Answer 19

Variable

Question 20

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables.

Answer 20

Scatterplot

Question 21

perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship

Answer 21

Illusionary Correlation

Question 22

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward their average.

Answer 22

Regression towards the mean

Question 23

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable).

Answer 23

Experiment

Question 24

in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Answer 24

Experimental Group

Question 25

in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Answer 25

Control Group

Question 26

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

Answer 26

Random Assignment

Question 27

an experimental procedure in which the research participants are ignorant about whether they have received the treatment or a placebo

Answer 27

Single-Blind Procedure

Question 28

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

Answer 28

Placebo Effect

Question 29

in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Answer 29

Independent Variable

Question 30

in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

Answer 30

Dependent Variable

Question 31

in an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results

Answer 31

Confounding Variable

Question 32

bias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own beliefs

Answer 32

Experimenter Bias

Question 33

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Answer 33

Validity

Question 34

a research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data

Answer 34

Quantitative Research

Question 35

a research method that relies on in-depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers

Answer 35

Qualitative Research

Question 36

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Answer 36

Informed Consent

Question 37

the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

Answer 37

Debriefing

Question 38

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

Answer 38

Descriptive Statistics

Question 39

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

Answer 39

histogram

Question 40

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

Answer 40

Mode

Question 41

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

Answer 41

Mean

Question 42

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

Answer 42

Median

Question 43

the percentage of scores that are lower than a given score

Answer 43

Percentile Rank

Question 44

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

Answer 44

Skewed Distribution

Question 45

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Answer 45

Range

Question 46

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Answer 46

Standard Deviation

Question 47

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

Answer 47

Normal Curve

Question 48

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

Answer 48

Inferential Statistics

Question 49

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

Answer 49

Meta Analysis

Question 50

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied

Answer 50

statistical significance

Question 51

the strength of a relationship between two or more variables

Answer 51

Effect size

Question 52

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

Answer 52

Doble-Blind Procedure