Chapter 9

Question 0

Transformasome

Answer 0

Spams cell envelope, binding protein to capture DNA from environment and proteins that from a pore

Question 1

How do gram positive bacteria transform DNA?

Answer 1

They has a transformasome complex

Question 2

Quorum sensing

Answer 2

Triggers competence, senses DNA, doesn’t happen in dilute populations (waste of resources)

Question 3

Gram negatives don’t use ________ or ________ in transformation

Answer 3

Competence factors and transformasomes

Question 4

What type do gram negatives use for transformation?

Answer 4

Type IV pilus

Question 5

Conjugation

Answer 5

Transfer of DNA from one love bacterium to another following cell to cell contact

Question 6

OriV

Answer 6

Replication origin used in nonconjugating cells

Question 7

OriT

Answer 7

Replication origins used during DNA transfer

Question 8

Episome

Answer 8

Plasmid that can exist in extra chromosomal or integrated form

Question 9

HFR

Answer 9

High frequency recombinant

Question 10

Abberant excision

Answer 10

Plasmids that take genes with it when it leaves (messy divorce)

Question 11

Transduction

Answer 11

Bacteriophages carrying host DNA from one cell to another

Question 12

Transducing particle

Answer 12

Phage that carries bacterial host DNA from one cell to another

Question 13

Lambda phage

Answer 13

Stays dormant until activated

Question 14

Restriction enzymatic cleavage

Answer 14

Cleaves foreign DNA (bacterial safe sex)

Question 15

Modification

Answer 15

Protective methylation prevents host DNA so it’s not accidentally destroyed

Question 16

Site specific recombination

Answer 16

Requires short sequence of homologous recognized by recombination enzyme
RecA independent

Question 17

Generalized recombination

Answer 17

Needs long stretch of homology esteem cells, needs recA

Question 18

RecA

Answer 18

Helps align homologous DNA and catalyze the exchange of strands

Question 19

Transition mutation

Answer 19

Purine switches to other purine or same with pyrimidines

Question 20

Transversion point mutation

Answer 20

Purine to pyrimidine or vice versa

Question 21

Inversion mutation

Answer 21

DNA is flipped in orientation

Question 22

Reversion mutation

Answer 22

DNA mutates back to original sequence

Question 23

Missense

Answer 23

Wrong codon

Question 24

Tautomeric shifts

Answer 24

Alter base pairing properties (as pair with Cs and Gs with ts)

Question 25

Oxidative deamination

Answer 25

Removed part of molecule to make it a different base

Question 26

Apurinic site

Answer 26

Take out whole purine

Question 27

Ames test

Answer 27

Negative- few colonies Positive- colonies centered around disk because it caused mutation and reversions Tests if it's carcinogenic

Question 28

Two types of DNA repair

Answer 28

Error proof and error prone

Question 29

Methyl mismatch repair

Answer 29

Error proof prevent mutation | Based on recognition of methylation pattern

Question 30

Photoreactivation

Answer 30

Error proof | Enzyme photolyase binds to pyrimidine diner and cleaves cyclonic and ring

Question 31

Nucleotide excision repair

Answer 31

Error proof | Endonucleoases remove path of ss DNA contained damaged bases

Question 32

Base excision repair

Answer 32

Error proof | Cuts damaged parts from the backbone severe

Question 33

SOS repair

Answer 33

Error prone Last resort Mutate or die

Question 34

Insertion sequence

Answer 34

Target of transposase | New gene flanked by shirt inverted repeat sequences

Question 35

How do IS elements transfer?2

Answer 35

Nonreplicative- it takes from one to give to another | Replication transposition- duplicates, then gives

Question 36

Type I transposon

Answer 36

1 gene

Question 37

Type II transposon

Answer 37

Multiple genes

Question 38

Pathogenicity islands

Answer 38

Encode virulence factors

Question 39

Mobile symbiosis islands

Answer 39

Enable a microbe to enter into symbiotic relationship

Question 40

Pseudo genes

Answer 40

Nonfunctional genes in the process of being eliminated