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Psychology 1300 Final > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

The branch of psychology that studies how people change over a life span

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2
Q

Zygote

A

The single cell formed at conception from the union of the egg cell and sperm cell

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

A long, thread-like structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA; found in the cell nucleus

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4
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

The double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions; the chemical basis of heredity

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5
Q

Gene

A

A unit of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule, the basic unit of heredity

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6
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual organism

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7
Q

Allele

A

One if the different forms of a particular gene

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8
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes, designed as X and Y, that determine biological sex; the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans

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9
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable traits or characteristics of an organism as determined by the interactions of genetics and environmental factors

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10
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study f cellular mechanisms that control gene expression and the ways that gene expression impacts Heath and behavior

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11
Q

Prenatal stage

A

The stage of development before birth; divided into the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods

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12
Q

Embryonic period

A

The first two weeks of prenatal development

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13
Q

Teratogens

A

Harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus

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14
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that can divide and give rise to cells that can develop into any one of the body’s different cells

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15
Q

Fetal period

A

The third and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth

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16
Q

Temperament

A

Inborn predispositions to consistently behave and react in a certain way

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17
Q

Attachment

A

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver(s), especially his or her parents

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18
Q

Comprehension vocabulary

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A

The words that are understood by an infant or child

19
Q

Production vocabulary

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A

The words that an infant or child understands and can speak

20
Q

Sensorimotor stage

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A

In Piaget’s theory, the first stage of cognitive development, from birth to about age 2; the period during which an infant explores the environment and acquires knowledge through sensing and manipulating objects

21
Q

Object permanence

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A

The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen

22
Q

Pre-operational stage

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A

In Piaget’s theory, the second stage of cognitive development, which lasts from the age 2 to age 7; characterized by increasing use of symbols and per logical thought processes

23
Q

Symbolic thought

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A

The ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world

24
Q

Egocentrism

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A

In Piaget’s theory, the inability to take another person’s perspective or point of view

25
Irreversibility
In Piaget's theory, the inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations
26
Centration
In Piaget's theory, the tendency to focus, or center, only one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects of the situation
27
Conservation
In Piaget's theory, the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged, as long as nothing is added or subtracted
28
Concrete operational stage
In Piaget's theory, the third stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about age 7 to adolescence; characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations
29
Formal operational stage
In Piaget's theory, the fourth stage of cognitive development, which lasts from adolescence through adulthood; characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations
30
Zone of proximal development
In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, the difference between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent
31
Adolescence
The transitional stage between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, during which sexual maturity is reached
32
Puberty
The stage of adolescence in which an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction
33
Primary sex characteristics
Sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus, ovaries, penis, and testicles
34
Secondary sex characteristics
Sexual characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction but differentiate between the sexes, such as male facial hair and female breast development
35
Adolescent growth spurt
The period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight
36
Menarche
A females first menstrual period, which occurs during puberty
37
Identity
A person's sense of self, including his or her memories, experiences, and values and beliefs that guide his or her behavior
38
Moral reasoning
The aspect of cognitive development that has to do with how an individual reasons about moral decisions
39
Menopause
The natural cessation if menstruation and the end of reproductive capacity in women
40
Active theory of aging
The psychosocial theory that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level of activity they displayed earlier in life
41
Authoritarian parenting style
Panting style in which parents are demanding and unresponsive towards their children's needs or wishes
42
Permissive parenting style
Parenting style in which parents are extremely tolerant and not demanding; permissive-indulgent parents are responsive to their children, while permissive-indifferent parents are less
43
Authoritative parenting style
Parenting style in which parents set clear standards for their children's behavior but are also responsive to their children's needs and wishes
44
Induction
A discipline technique that combines parenting control with explaining why a behavior is prohibited

Psychology 1300 Final (4 decks)

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