Chapter 9 Flashcards

0
Q

major accomplishment of pre-operational intelligence that allows a child to think symbolically, including understanding that words can refer to things not seen& that an item, such as a flag, can symbolize something else (a country)

A

symbolic thought

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1
Q

Piaget’s term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2&6; it includes language & imitation (which involve symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet positive at this stage

A

pre-operational thought

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2
Q

belief that natural objects & phenomena are still alive

A

animis

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3
Q

characteristic of pre-operational thought in which a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others

A

centration

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4
Q

Piaget’s term for children’s tendency to think about the word entirely from their own personal perspective

A

egocentrism

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5
Q

characteristic of pre-operational thought in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent

A

focus on appearance

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6
Q

characteristic of pre-operational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been & always will be.

A

static reasoning

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7
Q

characteristic of pre-operational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it way before a change occurred.

A

irreversibility

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8
Q

principe that the amount of a substance remains the same even when it’s appearance changes

A

conservation

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9
Q

idea that children attempt to explain everything they see & hear by constructing theories

A

theory-theory

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10
Q

person’s theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. That realization seldom occurs before the age 4.

A

theory of mind

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11
Q

speedy & sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning

A

fast-mapping

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12
Q

application of rules or grammar- even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more “regular” than it actually is

A

overregularization

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13
Q

practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience & context

A

pragmatics

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14
Q

person who is fluent in 2 languages, not favoring one over the other

A

balanced bilingual

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15
Q

schools that offer early-childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori, which emphasizes careful work & tasks that each young child can do

A

Montessori schools

16
Q

program of early-childhood education that originated in the town of Reggio Emilia, Haly, & that encourages each child’s creativity in a carefully designed setting

A

Reggio Emilia

17
Q

federally funded early-childhood intervention program for low-income children of preschool age

A

Head Start

18
Q

children who develop skills in 2 languages are dual language learners. Ideally education fosters proficiency in 2 languages rather than creating a language shift

A

dual language learners (DLLs)