Chapter 9 Flashcards
(23 cards)
- What does research tell us about victims and victimization of sexual crimes?
Rape and child sexual abuse were a major focus of the feminist movement in the 197s
Male Sexual Assault
- Majority are raped by acquantices
-less likely to report to the police if they are adults
-less likely to result in penetration
-1 out of every 10 are victims of rape
most common rape age 4
9-10% of rapes are male
Female Assault
82% of juvenile rape are females
90% of adult rape are females
16-19 are 4x likely to be raped
18-24 are 3x times more likely to be raped
Child Assault
- 84% forcible fondeling
- 46% forcible rape
- more likely to be male than female
30. 6% age 5 or younger
Which race is more likely to be raped?
White (64.5%)
Most common age of victim ?
25-34
Most common place of rape?
The victims home, 57% or relative/neighbors home
What does the cost of being a victim include?
most common are fear and anxiety STDs pregnancy PTSD Rape trauma syndrome self blame
Physical effects of being a victim?
sexually transmitted diseases
6% were assaulted with a weapon
pregnancy
25% were physically injured
Psychological effects of being a victim?
Most common are fear and anxiety
PTSD
Long term negative psychological and emotional consequences
Rape Trauma Syndrome?
Long term
Stages
Acute phase Reorganization Rape and Rape prevention Denial, Anger Grief Depression Taking action Acceptance
Shock
Denial
integration
Rape PTSD?
The likelihood of developing and severity of PTSD
Those sustained physical injury and those who perceived that their life was in danger have greater PTSD severity
The way others react to a rape victim relates to great PTSD severity
What are the rape reform laws?
Rape Shield laws
Protecting sex-crime victims
What are the rape shield laws?
are designed to protect the victims of sex crimes during criminal proceedings. With very limited exceptions, they prevent defendants from introducing evidence of victims’ sexual behavior, history, or reputation
What are protecting sex-crime victims laws?
Rape laws to protect victims, change the public perceptions of both offenders and victims
What was the rape kit initiative?
Testing rape kits can lead to new DNA matches in the criminal database, identification of serial rapists, and increased rates of arrest and prosecution of perpetrators, leading to improved public safety.
Other Risks of victims of sexual assault
self blame
substance abuse
further sexual victimization
What are some societal responses to victims of sexual assault?
Both male and female victims experience blame, more males than females
What are the statutes of limitation laws?
In 1993, California enacted laws that permitted the prosecution of certain sex offenders even in cases where the statutes of limitations have passed.
What are the challenges of the statutes of limitations?
Stogner v. California
Defendants have challenged rape shield laws on a variety of grounds
The evidentiary rules violate the right to confront one’s accuser and the right against self-incrimination
How does the investigation happen?
look at flow chart on powerpoint
Discretion of police
Patrol officers and detectives can determine the outcome of a complaint of sexual assault before it reaches the prosecutor
Types of offenses and victims’ characteristics influence how the police treat the case
Sex offenses accompanied by another crime such as robbery more likely to be cleared by arrest than sex offense is the only crime
The alcohol use may influence the way police perceive the case
False reports
the true reasons for making false complaints are related to internal processes
