Chapter 9

Question 1

What factors can influence energy consumption?

Answer 1

Affluence
Relative cost of energy
Type of industry
Social and environmental awareness
Climate

Question 2

What are features of energy resources?

Answer 2

Renewable/non-renewable
Depletable/non-depletable
Abundance
Locational constraints 
Intermittency
Predictability
Energy density
Resource availability
Ease of storage
Ease or transportation
Environmental impacts
Technological developments

Question 3

What are the political influence on energy resources?

Answer 3

• Government may provide assistance to sections of the energy industry
• E.g. grants, market price, financial support for affected communities

Question 4

What are the economic influences on energy resources?

Answer 4

Isn’t easy to calculate the full energy cost

Price paid doesn’t always cover all associated costs

Question 5

What factors affect the sustainability of current energy use?

Answer 5

Resource depletion
Economic sustainability
Environmental impacts

Question 6

What are some ways the energy supplied in the future will change?

Answer 6

Some resources may be depleted
Concerns about the environmental damage
Current supplies can’t meet the growth
New technologies are becoming more available

Question 7

What are the 2 new technologies for coal

Answer 7

Coal gasification

Coal liquefaction

Question 8

What are the 5 ways that oil can be extracted?

Answer 8

Primary oil recovery
Secondary oil recovery
Tertiary oil recovery 
Directional drilling
Subsea production wells

Question 9

What does primary oil recovery involve?

Answer 9

Use of pump jacks

Question 10

What does secondary oil recovery involve?

Answer 10

Pumping water/natural gas down an injection well to maintain the pressure and the flow of oil

Question 11

What does tertiary oil recovery involve?

Answer 11

Pumping steam to heat the oil

Controlled underground combustion to heat the oil and reduce viscosity

Question 12

What does directional drilling involve?

Answer 12

Allows wells to be drilled that aren’t vertical which allows for access to more remote locations

Question 13

What are subsea production wells?

Answer 13

Located on the seabed and have no platforms at the surface.

Question 14

What is fracking?

Answer 14

Use of high pressure to open fissures which allows for the extraction of the natural gas

Question 15

What are 5 examples of potential environmental impacts of fracking?

Answer 15

Natural gas may enter aquifer water
Chemicals may enter aquifers
Toxic metals could become mobile
Large volumes of water is needed
Earthquakes

Question 16

What are the 2 ways tar sands are extracted?

Answer 16

Quarried using large excavators

In-situ production which uses steam injection

Question 17

What are the 3 new technologies for natural gas?

Answer 17

Enhanced natural gas recovery
Methane hydrate
Carbon capture and storage

Question 18

How can methane hydrate be extracted?

Answer 18

Water heating
Depressurisation
Carbon Dioxide injection

Question 19

What are the 10 properties of renewable energy resources?

Answer 19

Intermittency
Predictability
Energy density
Ease of storage 
Application to current uses of energy 
Environmental impacts
Geographical constraints
Size of available resource
Level of technological development
Economic issue

Question 20

Define secondary fuels.

Answer 20

Primary fuels come directly from the environment but may not be in a form that can be used so they are converted to a useable source.

Question 21

What 2 main methods are used to release the chemical energy from hydrogen?

Answer 21

Combustion

Fuel cells

Question 22

What problem does energy storage address?

Answer 22

Helps to address the disadvantages of energy resources which are only available intermittently.

Question 23

What are the 4 ways hydrogen can be stored.

Answer 23

Compressed gas
Liquid
Metal hybride systems
Ammonia

Question 24

What are the benefits of energy storage?

Answer 24

Large quantity of fuel can be accumulated for more economic transportation
Energy production rates can be kept constant
Surplus energy can be stored until required

Question 25

What are the causes of fluctuations in energy supply?

Answer 25

Use of intermittent energy resources | Bulk delivery of transported energy resources

Question 26

What are the causes of fluctuations in energy demand?

Answer 26

``` Short term weather related fluctuations Seasonal fluctuations Weekday/weekend fluctuations in use 24hr day/night fluctuations Short term behaviour related fluctuations Fluctuations in demand ```

Question 27

What are 4 developments in energy storage technology?

Answer 27

Peak shaving using pumped storage HEP Compressed gas Chemical energy Rechargeable batteries

Question 28

What are the 8 types of storage systems?

Answer 28

``` Vehicle to grid Power to gas Heat energy High volume storage Molten salt High thermal mass building materials Kinetic energy Electricity supercapacitors ```

Question 29

How can vehicle design be changed to improve efficiency?

Answer 29

``` Aerodynamics Regenerative breaking Reduced mass Wheel design Efficient exhaust gas removal Engine temperature control Ignition and control servicing ```

Question 30

How can a vehicle be designed for end of life?

Answer 30

``` Use of recyclable materials Easy identification of components Easy dismantling and separation Use of reusable components Use of compostable materials ```

Question 31

What are some examples of transport infrastructure and management systems?

Answer 31

Integrated transport systems Smart motorways Driverless cars

Question 32

What are 6 ways building conservation can be achieved?

Answer 32

``` Orientation Building surface area High thermal mass materials Low embodied energy materials Earth Sheltered buildings Use of insulating materials ```

Question 33

How can heat loss be minimised in buildings?

Answer 33

Improved insulating materials | Window energy conservation

Question 34

What factors affect the rate of heat loss from buildings?

Answer 34

Temperature gradient Thermal conductivity/resistance of materials Loss of warm air from inside Chilling effect cause by wind and rain

Question 35

What are the two types of ventilation?

Answer 35

heat recovery during ventilation | Automatic ventilation

Question 36

What are 3 energy management techniques?

Answer 36

Occupancy sensors Programmable thermostats Water heating

Question 37

How can energy be conserved in industry?

Answer 37

``` Heat recovery Insulation High volume storage Combined heat and power Integrated manufacture Recycling Mass reduction ```

Question 38

What are the 4 points to electricity infrastructure management?

Answer 38

Peak shaving/pumped storage HEP High voltage grid IT management of electricity supplies Location of new generation capacity and distribution infrastructure