Chapter 9 - Basic Nutrition Factors in Health

Question 1

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

Answer 1

The relative proportion of macronutrients needed as a fraction of total caloric intake

Question 2

Adequate Intake (AI)

Answer 2

Average daily nutrient intake level recommended when RDA cannot be established

Question 3

Amino acids

Answer 3

Nitrogen-containing molecules that can join in groups of dozens to hundreds

Question 4

Anemia

Answer 4

Chronic health condition that occurs with insufficient iron intake

Question 5

Bioavailability

Answer 5

A relative measure of the body’s ability to use a given nutrient

Question 6

Carbohydrate

Answer 6

Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that encompass a wide range of compounds that are formed of sugar molecules linked together

Question 7

Cholesterol

Answer 7

Waxy fat-like substance that is a structural and functional component of cell membranes

Question 8

Dehydration

Answer 8

State of water depletion beyond 2% of body weight

Question 9

Dietary reference intakes (DRIs)

Answer 9

Complete set of nutrient intakes for evaluating and planning diets for healthy individuals

Question 10

Disaccharides

Answer 10

Sugar molecules composed of two monosaccharides

Question 11

Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)

Answer 11

Omega-3 essential fatty acid found in fatty fish

Question 12

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Answer 12

Omega-3 essential fatty acid found in fatty fish

Question 13

Electrolytes

Answer 13

Sodium, potassium, and other mineral salts required for metabolism and biological function

Question 14

Estimated average requirement (EAR)

Answer 14

Average daily nutrient intake level considered sufficient to meet the needs of half of the healthy population within each life stage and sex

Question 15

Fat

Answer 15

A category of macronutrient composed of fatty acid chains

Question 16

Fatty acids

Answer 16

Fat units composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Question 17

Fiber

Answer 17

Carbohydrate found in plant cell walls that is resistant to digestion

Question 18

Fructose

Answer 18

Monosaccharide with the same chemical formula as glucose that is found in fruits and vegetables

Question 19

Galactose

Answer 19

Monosaccharide that composes lactose along with a glucose molecule

Question 20

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 20

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Question 21

Glycemic index (GI)

Answer 21

Index that ranks carbohydrates according to how quickly they are digested and absorbed

Question 22

Glycemic load (GL)

Answer 22

Portion of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the GI of the food

Question 23

Glycogen

Answer 23

Polysaccharide found in skeletal muscle and the liver that provides energy

Question 24

Glycogenesis

Answer 24

Synthesis of glycogen

Question 25

**Glucose**

Answer 25

Monosaccharide that is the primary carbohydrate energy source in human metabolism

Question 26

**High-density lipoprotein**

Answer 26

Larger cholesterol molecules

Question 27

**Hydration**

Answer 27

Relative amount of water in the body

Question 28

**Hypohydration**

Answer 28

First stage of dehydration

Question 29

**Hyponatremia**

Answer 29

Dangerous state of decreased sodium blood concentration

Question 30

**Lactose**

Answer 30

Disaccharide found in mammalian milk composed of glucose and galactose

Question 31

**Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)**

Answer 31

Small cholesterol molecules associated with heart disease at high blood levels

Question 32

**Macronutrient**

Answer 32

Nutrients needed in large quantities by the human body - specifically protein, carbohydrates, and fats

Question 33

**Maltose**

Answer 33

Double-sugar molecule composed of two glucose molecules

Question 34

**Micronutrient**

Answer 34

Nutrients such as vitamins and minerals needed in small quantities by the human body

Question 35

**Minerals**

Answer 35

Inorganic substances required for structure and function in the human body

Question 36

**Monosaccharides**

Answer 36

Single-sugar carbohydrate molecules

Question 37

**Monounsaturated**

Answer 37

Fatty acids with a single double-carbon bond

Question 38

**Muscle Protein Synthesis**

Answer 38

The creation of new muscle fibers from amino acids

Question 39

**MyPlate**

Answer 39

Food guidance system created by the U.S. Department of Agriculture based on 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Question 40

**Nutrient density**

Answer 40

Relative amount of micronutrients to the calorie content of a food portion

Question 41

**Omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)**

Answer 41

Omega-3 acid found in plant sources that can be inefficiently converted to EPA and DHA

Question 42

**Polypeptide**

Answer 42

Proteins composed of 3 or more amino acids linked together

Question 43

**Polysaccharides**

Answer 43

Multiple-sugar carbohydrate molecules composed of up to several thousand glucose units

Question 44

**Polyunsaturated**

Answer 44

Fatty acids with multiple double-carbon bonds

Question 45

**Protein**

Answer 45

The primary structural and functional component of every cell

Question 46

**Protein digestibility**

Answer 46

Relative ability of a protein to supply amino acids via digestion

Question 47

**Protein digestibility correct amino acid score (PDCAAS)**

Answer 47

Index that reflects the bioavailability and provision of essential amino acids in protein

Question 48

**Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)**

Answer 48

Average daily nutrient requirement adequate for the needs of most healthy people in each life stage and sex

Question 49

**Saturated Fat**

Answer 49

Fatty acids with no double-carbon bonds

Question 50

**Sports dietician**

Answer 50

Registered dietician with specific education in sports nutrition

Question 51

**Sucrose**

Answer 51

Table sugar - composed of 1 glucose and 1 fructose molecule

Question 52

**Tolerable upper intake level (UL)**

Answer 52

Maximum average daily nutrient level not associated with adverse health effects

Question 53

**Triglycerides**

Answer 53

Fat molecules

Question 54

**Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)**

Answer 54

The smallest type of cholesterol molecules

Question 55

**Vitamins**

Answer 55

Organic substances required in small amounts for biological functioning