Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Define: Antibody
A
Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance called an antigen.
2
Q
Define: Antigen
A
Substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual.
3
Q
Define: Bile Pigment
A
Substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver.
4
Q
Define: Cytokine
A
Chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells.
5
Q
Define: dendritic cell
A
Specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surface and presents them to components of the immune system.
6
Q
Define: Immunocompetent
A
Processing the ability to develop an immune response.
7
Q
Define: Natural killer (NK) cells
A
Specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumour cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt their cell membranes, causing their intercellular fluid to leak out.
8
Q
What are the 2 differentiations of white blood cells?
A
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
9
Q
What are the 3 types of Granulocytes?
A
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
10
Q
What do neutrophils do?
A
- First cell to arrive at a site of injury
- Provides nonspecific protection by phagocytosis
- Dies as a result of phagocytosis
11
Q
What do eosinophils do?
A
- Combats multicellular parasites (worm infestations)
- Controls mechanisms associated with allergies
12
Q
What do basophils do?
A
- Initiates inflammation
13
Q
What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?
A
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
14
Q
What do lymphocytes do?
A
Provides acquired (specific) immunity.
15
Q
What do monocytes do?
A
- Performs mildly phagocytic function
- Becomes a macrophage when it enters tissues and functions in immunity
16
Q
What do B cells do?
A
- Function in humoral immunity
- Originate and mature in bone marrow
- Protect against extracellular antigens
- Respond to stimulation by a compatible T cell and begin producing plasma cells
17
Q
What do plasma cells do?
A
Create highly specific antibodies that bind to their corresponding antigens forming unique molecules called (antigen-antibody complexes) that lead to the destruction of the antigen by the immune system.
18
Q
What do memory B cells do?
A
- Retreat to lymphatic system and remain prepared to repeat the same procedure upon a subsequent encounter with the same antigen
19
Q
What do T-Cells do?
A
- Function in cellular immunity
- Originate in bone marrow and mature in lymphatic system
- Protect against intracellular pathogens and cancer cells
20
Q
What do Cytoxic T cells and Helper T cells do? (CD8 and CD4)?
A
- Determine and attack the specific weakness of the cell and destroys it
- Provide essential assistance to maintain B-cell activity
- Produce cytokines that activate, direct and regulate most of the other components of the immune system
- Require a threshold number to avoid a shutdown of the entire immune system
21
Q
What do suppressor T cells and Memory T cells do?
A
Monitor and terminate humoral and cellular response when infection resolves
- Migrate to lymphatic system and remain prepared for a second encounter should the same antigen reappear
22
Q
What is the element word for gland?
A
aden/o
23
Q
What is the element word for clumping/gluing?
A
agglutin/o
24
Q
What is the element word for embryonic cell?
A
blast/o
25
What is the element word for colour?
chrom/o
26
What is the element word for granule?
granul/o
27
What is the element word for white?
Leuk/o
28
What is the element word for lymph?
Lymph/o
29
What is the element word for lymph gland (node)?
Lymphaden/o
30
What is the element word for lymph vessel?
lymphangi/o
31
What is the element word for form/shape/structure?
morph/o
32
What is the element word for bone marrow?
myel/o
33
what is the element word for varied/irregular?
poikil/o
34
What is the element word for serum?
ser/o
35
What is the element word for iron?
sider/o
36
what is the element word for blood clot?
thromb/o
37
What is the element word for thymus gland?
thym/o
38
What is the suffix for embryonic cell?
-blast
39
What is the suffix for protein?
-globin
40
What is the suffix for decrease/deficiency?
-penia
41
What is the suffix for attraction for?
-phil
42
What is the suffix word for protection?
-phylaxis
43
what is the suffix for formation/production?
-poiesis
44
What is the suffix word for standing still?
-stasis
45
What is the prefix word for unequal/dissimilar?
aniso-
46
Describe: Aplastic Anemia
Serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure, resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
47
What causes aplastic anemia?
some autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and exposure to certain cytotoxic agents
48
Describe: Folic-acid deficiency anemia
Inability to produce sufficient red blood cells (RBCs) because of the lack of folic acid, a B vitamin essential for erythropoiesis.
49
What is folic-acid deficiency anemia caused by?
insufficient folic acid intake resulting from poor diet, impaired absorption, prolonged drug therapy, or increased requirements
50
Describe: Hemolytic Anemia
Destruction of RBCs, commonly resulting in jaundice.
51
What causes hemolytic anemia?
Associated with some inherited immune and blood (sickle cell anemia) disorders, medications, and incompatible transfusions.
52
Describe: Iron-Deficiency anemia
Lack of sufficient iron in RBCs.
53
What is the cause of iron-deficiency anemia?
Caused by a greater demand for stored iron than can be supplied, usually as a result of inadequate dietary iron intake or malabsorption of iron.
54
Describe: Pernicious Anemia (PA)
Chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 resulting from a lack of sufficient vitamin B12 needed for blood cell development.
55
What causes PA?
Commonly the result of insufficient intrinsic factor in the stomach essential for absorption of vitamin B12.
56
Describe: Sickle Cell Anemia
Inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent- or sickle-shaped when oxygen levels are low.
57
What causes sickle cell anemia?
A defect in the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis.
58
Define: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Infectious disease caused the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that destroys the CD4 (helper T) cells of the immune system to such an extent that the patient falls victim to infections that usually do not affect healthy individuals (opportunistic infections.
59
Define: Coagulation Disorders
Any disruption or impairment in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding.
60
Define: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues, resulting in damage to body organs.
61
Define: Hemophilia
Congenital hereditary disorder characterized by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (hemophilia B), resulting in prolonged bleeding.
62
Define: Thrombocytopenia
Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets or their increased destruction in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver.
63
Define: Graft Rejection
Process in which a recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted graft as “foreign” and attacks or destroys it.
64
Define: Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
Complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against the recipient’s organs, commonly severely enough to cause death.
65
Define: Hemoglobinopathy
Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule.
66
Define: Hemoglobinopathy
Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule.
67
Define: Infectious Mononucleosis
Acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that primarily affects young adults and children and causes fatigue, malaise, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy of the neck or armpits.
68
Define: Kaposi Sarcoma (KS)
Cancer caused by the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) that mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes but may also cause extensive visceral organ involvement.
69
Define: Lymphedema
Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, resulting from an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels.
70
Define: Lymphoma
Any malignancy involving lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, or both) that commonly affects lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue.
71
Define: Hodgkins Lymphoma (HL)
Malignancy of B cells that occurs in lymph nodes of the neck or chest and may spread to nearby lymph nodes and the spleen and sometimes to the bone marrow.
72
Define: non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
Any malignancy of B cells, T cells, or NK cells that does not involve Reed-Sternberg cells.
73
Define: Multiple Myeloma
Malignancy of the bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies, destruction of healthy bone marrow cells, and weakening of bone tissue.
74
Define: Sepsis
The presence of bacteria or other toxins in the blood.
75
Define: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Widespread autoimmune disease that affects the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation.
76
Define: Thrombocythemia
Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelet malformations.
77
What is an antinuclear antibody test? (ANA)
Test that identifies the antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual's own body cells.
78
What is the blood culture test?
A test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream.
79
What is the complete blood count (CBC)?
Series of tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, and differential count.
80
What is monospot?
Nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by Epstein-Barr virus, the organism that causes infectious mononucleosis.
81
What is partial thromboplastim time (PTT)?
Screening test for deficiencies in clotting factors by measuring the length of time it takes blood to clot.
82
What is the prothrombin time (PT) test?
Test used to detect and diagnose bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders.
83
Define: Bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging
Highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in diagnosing multiple myeloma
84
Define: Lymphangiography
Visualization of lymph channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system.
85
Define: Lymphoscintigraphy
Introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node.
86
Describe Bone Marrow Aspiration
Removal of bone marrow (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination using a thin aspirating needle.
87
Describe Bone Marrow Transplant
Infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after destroying the diseased bone marrow by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both and commonly used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers.
88
Describe lymphadenectomy
Removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue, in an effort to control the spread of cancer.
89
Describe sentinel node excision.
Removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells.
90
Define: Immunotherapy
Any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates, or restores the body’s own natural immune mechanisms to treat diseases.
91
Define: Immunoglobulin (IG) therapy
Treatment using antibody mixtures, administered via intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes.
92
Define: Plasmapheresis
Dialysis procedure that removes and discards the patient’s plasma containing the autoantibodies responsible for tissue destruction in autoimmunity and returns the blood cells to the patient suspended in the plasma of a donor.
93
Define: Transfusion
Infusion of blood or blood from one person (donor) to another (recipient).
94
What do anticoagulants do?
Prevent blood clot formation by inactivating one or more clotting factors or inhibiting their synthesis.
95
What are the generic names for anticoagulants?
1. Heparin
2. Warfarin
3. Dabigatran
96
What do antifibrinolytics do?
Neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots.
97
What is the generic name for antifibrinolytics?
Aminocaproic Acid
98
What do antimicrobials do?
Destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with the functions of the cell membrane or the reproductive cycle.
99
What are the generic names for antimicrobials?
1. Trimethoprim
2. Sulfamethoxazole
3. Metronidazole
100
What do antiretrovirals do?
Prevent replication of viruses within host cells.
101
What are the generic names of antiretrovirals?
1. Nefinavir
2. Lamivudine
3. Zidovudine
102
What do immunosuppressants do?
Decrease inflammation by suppressing the body’s natural immune response.
103
What are the generic names for immunosuppressants?
1. Prednisone
2. Cyclosporine
3. Mychophenolate Mofetil
104
What do thrombolytics do?
Dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands.
105
What are the generic names for thrombolytics?
1. Alteplase
2. Streptokinase
106
AB, Ab, ab
1. Antibody
2. Abortion
107
A, B, AB, O
Blood types in ABO blood group.
108
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
109
ANA
Antinuclear antibody
110
APC
Antigen-presenting cell
111
APTT
Activated Partial Thromboplastim Time
112
BMT
Bone Marrow Transplant
113
CBC
Complete Blood Count
114
DIC
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
115
diff
differential count (white blood cells)
116
DVT
Deep vein thrombosis
117
EBV
Epstein-Barr Virus
118
GVHD
Graft-Versus-Host disease
119
Hb, Hgb
Hemoglobin
120
HHV-8
Human Herpes Virus 8
121
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
122
HL
Hodgkin Lymphoma
123
Ig
immunoglobulin
124
IVIG
Intravenous Immunoglobulin
125
KS
Kaposi Sarcoma
126
MNL
Mononuclear Leukocytes
127
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
128
NHL
non-hodgkin lymphoma
129
NK cell
natural killer cell
130
PA
Pernicious Anemia
131
PCP
1. Pneumocytosis pneumonia
2. Primary Care Physician
132
PMN
Polymorphonuclear
133
PMNL, poly
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
134
PT
1. Prothrombin Time
2. Physical Therapy
135
PTT
Partial Thromboplastin Time
136
RA
1. Right atrium
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
137
RBC, rbc
Red blood cell
138
SLE
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
139
WBC, wbc
White blood cell
