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BIOL 101 > chapter 9: cellular division > Flashcards

chapter 9: cellular division Flashcards

1
Q

what is fermentation?

A

a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP, without an electron transport chain

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2
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

a catholic pathway for molecules, that use oxygen

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3
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

a catabolic pathway for molecules, that do not use oxygen

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4
Q

what is an anabolic reaction?

A

a reaction in which energy is used to build complex molecules from smaller ones

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5
Q

what is a catabolic reaction?

A

a reaction in which energy is released to break down complex molecules into simpler ones

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6
Q

what are redox reactions?

A

the transfer of electrons during a chemical reaction

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7
Q

what is a reducing agent?

A

the electron donor in a redox reaction

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8
Q

what is an oxidizing agent?

A

the electron acceptor in a redox reaction

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9
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

a series of catabolic reactions that converts the energy in fuel molecules into energy in ATP

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10
Q

what is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

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11
Q

why is cellular respiration a catabolic process?

A

it is catabolic because it breaks down sugar (large/complex) into smaller molecules

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12
Q

what are the four stages of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle (krebs cycle), oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

what are the 2 forms of phosphorylation?

A

oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation

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14
Q

where does glycolysis happen?

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

what are the 2 phases of glycolysis?

A

investment phase and payoff phase

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16
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

a series of reactions that splits glucose into pyruvate (“sugar splitting”)

17
Q

what is formed from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

18
Q

what links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A

acetyl CoA

19
Q

what happens during the citric acid cycle?

A

it completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide

20
Q

where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

in the mitochondria

21
Q

what enters the electron transport chain?

A

NADH

22
Q

what happens to electrons in the electron transport chain?

A

a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

23
Q

how does a proton pump work and what energy is powering the pump?

A

they push hydrogen ions from areas of low concentration to high concentration, ATP powers a proton pump

24
Q

how many complexes are in the electron transport chain?

A

4 protein complexes

25
Q

how many proton pumps are in the electron transport chain?

A

2 pumps

26
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work

27
Q

what enzyme is involved with chemiosmosis?

A

ATP synthase

28
Q

where does chemiosmosis occur?

A

in the mitochondria during cellular respiration and in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis

29
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation and how many ATP are produced?

A

the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain, producing 27/28 ATP

30
Q

what are the 2 forms of fermentation?

A

lactic acid fermentation
ethanol fermentation

31
Q

is oxygen required for fermentation?

A

no, therefore it’s anaerobic

32
Q

does fermentation produce energy?

A

no, but it helps keep glycolysis going

33
Q

what is NAD+ and NADH and what role do they play in cellular respiration?

A

NAD+ is the oxidized form and NADH is the reduced form, NADH acts as an electron donor to the electron transport chain

34
Q

what does pyruvate get oxidized into?

A

acetyl CoA

35
Q

what is produced from the citric acid cycle?

A

carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP or GTP

36
Q

what step produces the most ATP

A

electron transport chain

37
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

BIOL 101 (8 decks)

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