chapter 9: cellular division

Question 1

what is fermentation?

Answer 1

a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP, without an electron transport chain

Question 2

what is aerobic respiration?

Answer 2

a catholic pathway for molecules, that use oxygen

Question 3

what is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 3

a catabolic pathway for molecules, that do not use oxygen

Question 4

what is an anabolic reaction?

Answer 4

a reaction in which energy is used to build complex molecules from smaller ones

Question 5

what is a catabolic reaction?

Answer 5

a reaction in which energy is released to break down complex molecules into simpler ones

Question 6

what are redox reactions?

Answer 6

the transfer of electrons during a chemical reaction

Question 7

what is a reducing agent?

Answer 7

the electron donor in a redox reaction

Question 8

what is an oxidizing agent?

Answer 8

the electron acceptor in a redox reaction

Question 9

what is cellular respiration?

Answer 9

a series of catabolic reactions that converts the energy in fuel molecules into energy in ATP

Question 10

what is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration?

Answer 10

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 11

why is cellular respiration a catabolic process?

Answer 11

it is catabolic because it breaks down sugar (large/complex) into smaller molecules

Question 12

what are the four stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 12

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle (krebs cycle), oxidative phosphorylation

Question 13

what are the 2 forms of phosphorylation?

Answer 13

oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation

Question 14

where does glycolysis happen?

Answer 14

cytoplasm

Question 15

what are the 2 phases of glycolysis?

Answer 15

investment phase and payoff phase

Question 16

what is glycolysis?

Answer 16

a series of reactions that splits glucose into pyruvate (“sugar splitting”)

Question 17

what is formed from glycolysis?

Answer 17

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

Question 18

what links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

Answer 18

acetyl CoA

Question 19

what happens during the citric acid cycle?

Answer 19

it completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide

Question 20

where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 20

in the mitochondria

Question 21

what enters the electron transport chain?

Answer 21

NADH

Question 22

what happens to electrons in the electron transport chain?

Answer 22

a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

Question 23

how does a proton pump work and what energy is powering the pump?

Answer 23

they push hydrogen ions from areas of low concentration to high concentration, ATP powers a proton pump

Question 24

how many complexes are in the electron transport chain?

Answer 24

4 protein complexes

Question 25

how many proton pumps are in the electron transport chain?

Answer 25

2 pumps

Question 26

what is chemiosmosis?

Answer 26

an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work

Question 27

what enzyme is involved with chemiosmosis?

Answer 27

ATP synthase

Question 28

where does chemiosmosis occur?

Answer 28

in the mitochondria during cellular respiration and in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis

Question 29

what is oxidative phosphorylation and how many ATP are produced?

Answer 29

the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain, producing 27/28 ATP

Question 30

what are the 2 forms of fermentation?

Answer 30

lactic acid fermentation ethanol fermentation

Question 31

is oxygen required for fermentation?

Answer 31

no, therefore it's anaerobic

Question 32

does fermentation produce energy?

Answer 32

no, but it helps keep glycolysis going

Question 33

what is NAD+ and NADH and what role do they play in cellular respiration?

Answer 33

NAD+ is the oxidized form and NADH is the reduced form, NADH acts as an electron donor to the electron transport chain

Question 34

what does pyruvate get oxidized into?

Answer 34

acetyl CoA

Question 35

what is produced from the citric acid cycle?

Answer 35

carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP or GTP

Question 36

what step produces the most ATP

Answer 36

electron transport chain

Question 37

where does the electron transport chain occur?

Answer 37

inner mitochondrial membrane