Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration & Fermentation

Question 1

Cellular respiration takes place in the ___________.

Answer 1

Mitochondria

Question 2

What is reduction?

Answer 2

Gain of electrons

Has extra H+

Question 3

What is oxidation?

Answer 3

Loss of electrons

Question 4

List the common enzymes in cellular respiration

Answer 4

1. Kinase
2. Isomerase
3. Dehydrogenase

Question 5

What is the function of a kinase enzyme?

Answer 5

Phosphorylation Reaction:

Transfer of a phosphate group

Question 6

What is the function of an isomerase enzyme?

Answer 6

Isomerization reaction:

Rearrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 7

What is the function of a dehydrogenase enzyme?

Answer 7

Redox Reactions:

Transfer of hydrogen atoms

Question 8

In cellular respiration, sugar is __________ and oxygen is __________.

Answer 8

Sugar is oxidized

Oxygen is reduced

Question 9

List the 4 steps of Cellular Respiration

Answer 9

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate Oxidation
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
   a. Electron Transport
   b. Chemiosmosis

Question 10

What is glycolysis?

Answer 10

• Breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

- Occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 11

What is yielded through glycolysis?

Answer 11

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate

Question 12

In glycolysis, what compounds provide phosphate groups for the production of phosphorylated sugars during the energy investment phase?

Answer 12

ATP

Question 13

What is pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 13

Carry pyruvate from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix

Question 14

What happens to pyruvate in pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 14

• Pyruvate is attached to acetyl-coa

- NADH is produced

Question 15

What is yielded through pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 15

• 2 NADH

- 2 CO2

Question 17

What is the waste product of pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 17

CO2

Question 18

Is pyruvate polar or nonpolar?

Answer 18

Polar

- hydroxyl group

Question 19

How many times does pyruvate oxidation occur?

Answer 19

2

Question 20

Is pyruvate broken down in pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

What is yielded through the citric acid cycle?

Answer 21

• 2 ATP
• 6 NADH
• 2 FADH2
• 4 CO2

Question 22

What is the citric acid cycle?

Answer 22

• Breakdown of pyruvate into CO2

- Harvest energy in electron carriers

Question 23

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 23

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 24

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 24

Energy from the electron transport chain forms a H+ electrochemical gradient that drives the ATP production

Uses energy from NADH & FADH2 to produce ATP

Question 25

What are the two steps of oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 25

1. Electron transport chain

2. Chemiosmosis

Question 26

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Answer 26

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 27

What does the electron transport chain do?

Answer 27

Electrons are delivered from NADH & FADH2 to carrier proteins

Question 28

Is energy released or required in the electron transport chain?

Answer 28

Released with each e- transfer

Question 29

What is an electrochemical gradient?

Answer 29

When the H+ ions move from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

Question 30

Why is it bad if the H+ ions are left floating in the intermembrane space?

Answer 30

They will react with other things in our bodies

Question 31

What does the last e- do after it has transferred from protein to protein?

Answer 31

It reacts with oxygen (final electron accepter)

Question 32

Why is the final electron accepter important? OR Why is the oxygen important?

Answer 32

The transport chain would stop because there would be no more room for new e- to go to

Question 33

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 33

Where the H+ ions go through the ATP Synthase turbine to provide energy to ADP, in order to make ATP.

Question 34

Why can't hydrogen go straight through the membrane in order to make ATP?

Answer 34

H+ has a charge, and it therefore cannot go through the phospholipid bilayer

Question 35

NADH creates ______ proton motive force than FADH2.

Answer 35

more

Question 36

Summarize cellular respiration

Answer 36

1. Glycolysis - glucose is broken into 2 pyruvates. Yields 2 ATP & 2 NADH. 2. Pyruvate Oxidation - Pyruvate is carried from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is attached to acetyl-coa. Yields 2 NADH & 2 CO2. 3. Citric Acid Cycle - Breaks down pyruvate into CO2 and stores energy in electron carriers. Yields 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 6 NADH. 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation - a) Electron Transport Chain - Electrons are delivered from NADH & FADH2 to carrier proteins. b) Chemiosmosis - H+ goes through ATP synthase to produce ATP. Yields ATP.

Question 37

Cellular respiration requires oxygen. What if we don't have oxygen available?

Answer 37

We'll do anaerobic respiration.

Question 38

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 38

Our bodies produce ATP through glycolysis (no oxygen required)

Question 39

What is fermentation?

Answer 39

Assists anaerobic respiration in order to continue producing ATP without oxygen.

Question 40

What does fermentation do specifically?

Answer 40

- Recycles NADH and NAD+ | - converts pyruvate to ethanol

Question 41

Where does fermentation take place?

Answer 41

Cytoplasm