Chapter 9 Final Exam Flashcards
(31 cards)
What are the differences between prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination?
Prejudice: Preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
Stereotypes: Beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people. Overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate)
Discrimination: Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
Define racism
Prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race
Define sexism.
Prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex
What are implicit and explicit attitudes? How have they been measured?
Apart of ourt dual attitude system
Implict attitudes are Automatic /unconscious
Explicit Attitudes are Conscious (making an active choice to act a certina way)
Implicit Association test has been used to measure peoples speed of association
Is racial prejudice disappearing?
Yes and no tredning downward. Still hate crimes, refusal to vote for qualifed Black president
What are some subtle forms of prejudice?
Labor market discrimination: call back on resumes based on white sounding name (MIT experiment)
Race sensitivity: overpraising accomplishments
Patronization: avoiding criticism. Ex. Only expecting a subpar assignment from a minority student.
What is automatic prejudice? What studies support this concept?
Automatic (implicit) Involves primitive regions of the brain associated with fear (amygdala)
Critics note that unconscious associations may only indicate cultural assumptions, perhaps without prejudice
What are three aspects of gender stereotypes?
Strong gender stereotypes exist.
Members of the stereotyped group accept the stereotypes.
Most believe that men and women are different yet equal.
What are some examples of benevolent sexism and hostile sexism?
Benevolent Sexism: women have a superior moral sensibility (it can sound postive but still has ability to impede gender equity)
Hostile Sexism: once a man is married, she puts him on a leash. Can be a predictor of future gender equity
How does gender discrimination differ in Western and Non-Western countries?
Disappearing in democratic Western countries
Non-Western countries gender bias is still strong:
2/3 of world’s unschooled children are girls
Prosecution of rape victims for adultery
What are the social sources of prejudice?
Social Inequalities: Unequal Status and Prejudice
Institutional Supports
Socialization: Religion and prejudice, Ethnocentricity, Authoritarian personality, and Conformity
What is social dominance orientation? How does it affect prejudice?
Motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups
Being in a dominant high-status position tends to promote this orientation and justification
Social inequalities breeds not only prejudice, but mistrust
How does socialization affect prejudice?
Prejudice can come from our acquired values and attitudes
Children’s implicit racial attitudes reflect their parents’ explicit racial attitudes
Families and culture can pass along information regarding whom to distrust and dislike
How do institutional supports bolster prejudice?
through overt policies such as segeration or passively reenforcing the status quo. Schools tend to reenforce dominat cultural attitudes
What are the motivational sources of prejudice?
Frustration and Aggression: The Scapegoat Theory
Social Identity Theory: Feeling Superior to Others
How does the scapegoat theory explain motivation to be prejudice?
Displaced aggression: Hate crimes
Realistic group conflict theory: Prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
How does social identity theory explain motivation to be prejudice?
The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships We categorize We identify We compare Ingroup (us) vs outgroup (them) \: Ingroup bias: Tendency to favor one’s own group Supports a positive self-concept Feeds favoritism
How does motivation to avoid prejudice lead people to modify their thoughts and actions?
Motivation to avoid prejudice can lead people to modify their thoughts and actions
Self-conscious people will feel guilt and try to inhibit their prejudicial response
Unwanted thoughts and feelings often persist, breaking the prejudice habit is not easy
What are the cognitive sources of prejudice?
Categorization: Classifying People into Groups
Distinctiveness: Perceiving People Who Stand Out
Attribution: Is It a Just World?
How does spontaneous categorization act as a foundation for prejudice?
outgroup homogeneity effect- they are all alike and we are all different
How does perceived similarities and differences act as a foundation for prejudice?
fundamental attribution error, mistaking faces of different races, in-group-outgroup attribution. discintivness feeding self-consciousness
What is outgroup homogeneity effect?
outgroup homogeneity effect- they are all alike and we are all different
What is own-race bias?
Tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race
How does distinctiveness and perceptions of those who stand out affect prejudice?
Stereotypes assume a correlation between group membership and individuals’ presumed characteristics
Attentiveness to unusual occurrences can create illusory correlations
Pre-existing stereotypes can lead us to see correlations that aren’t there
