Chapter 9- Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups

Question 1

group

Answer 1

• 3 or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other
• people who assemble for common purpose

Question 2

interdependent

Answer 2

-you influence them and they influence you

Question 3

why join groups

Answer 3

• evolutionary need to belong

- still want to feel distinct though

Question 4

benefit of small groups

Answer 4

• give us a sense of belonging

- also make us feel distinct from others and recognized

Question 5

functions of groups

Answer 5

1. ) give sense of belonging
2. ) define who we are
3. ) establish social norms
4. ) make decisions

Question 6

composition of groups

Answer 6

• usually 3-6 members
• members alike in age, sex, beliefs, etc
• social rules
• social norms
• cohesiveness

Question 7

reason from homogeneity of groups

Answer 7

1. ) tend to attract people who are already similar

2. ) encourage similarity among members

Question 8

social roles

Answer 8

• shared expectations as to how particular people are to behave
• specify who occupies what position, rather than how to act
• negative when people get too caught up and lose ID

Question 9

do it all

Answer 9

• women expected to maintain a career, raise kids, clean, and satisfy husband
• conflict regarding gender roles

Question 10

group cohesiveness

Answer 10

-qualities of group that bind members together and promote mutual liking

Question 11

most cohesive group

Answer 11

• social group

- members more likely to stay in group, participate, and recruit

Question 12

meaning of presence of others

Answer 12

1. ) performing task with coworkers who are doing same thing
2. ) performing task in front of audience
   * being evaluated causes increase in arousal

Question 13

social facilitation

Answer 13

-tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated

Question 14

theories of arousal in social facilitation

Answer 14

1. ) other people cause us to become alert
2. ) other people make us apprehensive
3. ) other people distract us from task at hand

Question 15

evaluation approach

Answer 15

-concern about being judged

Question 16

social loafing

Answer 16

• tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others and not being evaluated
• do worse on simple tasks and better on complex tasks
• stronger in men and in Western cultures

Question 17

predicting if presence of others will hinder performance

Answer 17

1. ) are you being evaluated

2. ) is task simple or complex

Question 18

performance evaluated

Answer 18

• arousal
• social facilitation effects
• better at simple tasks

Question 19

performance not evaluated

Answer 19

• more relaxed
• loafing effects
• better at complex tasks

Question 20

deindividuation

Answer 20

• loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can’t be identified
• “getting lost in a crowd”
• do behaviors they would never do alone

Question 21

consequences of deindividuation

Answer 21

1. ) feel less accountable (not blamed)
2. ) increases obedience to group norms
3. ) feel less inhibited about what you can say

Question 22

good group decision making

Answer 22

• most successful if most talented member can convince others that he is right
• have ALL information shared
• sometimes results in risky behaviors

Question 23

process loss

Answer 23

-any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving

Question 24

ways to focus on unshared information

Answer 24

1. ) make sure to have discussion long enough that everything gets brought up
2. ) don’t share initial preferences early
3. ) assign members to different areas of expertise

Question 25

transactive memory

Answer 25

- combined memory of two people | - more efficient than individual memory

Question 26

groupthink

Answer 26

-when maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner

Question 27

when does groupthink occur

Answer 27

1. ) group is highly cohesive 2. ) isolated from contrary opinions 3. ) ruled by directive leader, who makes his or her wishes known

Question 28

illusion of unanimity

Answer 28

- looks as if everyone agrees | - component of groupthink

Question 29

inferior decision making process

Answer 29

- group doesn't consider full range of alternatives - don't develop contingency plans - don't consider risks of preferred choice

Question 30

avoiding groupthink

Answer 30

1. ) remain impartial 2. ) seek outside opinion 3. ) create subgroups 4. ) seek anonymous opinions

Question 31

group polarization

Answer 31

- groups make riskier decisions than individuals | - result of persuasive arguments and social comparisons

Question 32

persuasive arguments interpretations

Answer 32

-each member presents arguments that other members have not considered

Question 33

social comparison interpretation

Answer 33

- people discuss issue in group only after they check out how everyone else feels - do what it takes to be liked

Question 34

great person theory

Answer 34

- certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the nature of the situation - not true - personality only slightly influential

Question 35

transactional leader

Answer 35

- short-term goals | - make sure needs are met and run smoothly

Question 36

transformational leader

Answer 36

- long-term goals | - think outside the box

Question 37

contingency theory

Answer 37

-leadership effectiveness depends on how tasks oriented the leader is and the amount of control the leader has

Question 38

task-oriented leader

Answer 38

- concerned with getting job done - little concern about feelings - do well in low and high-control of situations - powerful

Question 39

relationship oriented leader

Answer 39

- concerned with feelings and relationships - low-control - effective in moderate control situations

Question 40

communal

Answer 40

- concerned with welfare of others - helpful, kind, etc - woman leader - best at managing crisis

Question 41

glass cliff

Answer 41

-women in leadership positions put in charge of high crisis situations where it is likely for failure

Question 42

social dilema

Answer 42

- conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, be harmful to everyone - most people act selfishly, hurting others

Question 43

tit-for-tat strategy

Answer 43

- used to increase cooperation - act cooperatively and respond in the way opponent did - demonstrates willingness to cooperate and unwillingness to sit back and be exploited

Question 44

negotiation

Answer 44

-form of communication when offers and counteroffers are made and parities reach compromise

Question 45

integrative solution

Answer 45

- trade-off negotiation where people get what is most important to them - Ex: dividing assets in divorce

Question 46

The idea that the best leader requires the right person in the right situation at the right time is most consistent with the ________ theory of leadership.

Answer 46

contingency

Question 47

Jan is the leader of a cohesive “knowledge masters” group that is preparing to compete against teams from other colleges. To prevent groupthink and ensure that her group is successful, she should

Answer 47

invite non-members to provide feedback

Question 48

In a study conducted by Zimbardo and his colleagues, college men volunteered to take part in a simulated prison that was planned to continue for two weeks. It was stopped after six days. Why?

Answer 48

interactions between guards and prisoners became too aggressive and insulting

Question 49

Nan had pretty much made up her mind before a group discussion. During the discussion, however, she thinks to herself, “I think I’ll hang back and see how the others feel about it. I don’t want them to think I’m nuts or anything.” Nan’s thoughts best reflect the ______ interpretation of group polarization

Answer 49

social comparison

Question 50

The qualities of a group that tie members together and promote liking between members are known as

Answer 50

group cohesiveness

Question 51

When social psychologists define a social group as a collection of interdependent people, they mean that

Answer 51

members' needs goals cause them to influence on another

Question 52

Shared group expectations about how particular group members are expected to behave are called

Answer 52

roles

Question 53

For Halloween, Jeff wears a sheet and goes to a party as a ghost. How is this costume likely to influence his behavior? He will

Answer 53

feel less accountable for his behavior

Question 54

According to the authors of your text, there are two reasons why deindividuation leads to more deviant behavior:

Answer 54

people feel less accountable and are more likely to obey deviant norms

Question 55

Chad and Wilma play the prisoner’s dilemma game in which each player must choose to cooperate or compete with the other player over a series of rounds. As shown below, Wilma goes first, and after four rounds, the results are as follows: Round 1: Wilma cooperates, Chad competes Round 2: Wilma competes, Chad competes Round 3: Wilma competes, Chad cooperates Round 4: Wilma cooperates, Chad cooperates As revealed in the pattern of responses above, Wilma is probably using a _____ strategy.

Answer 55

tit-for-tat

Question 56

James manages a team of employees for a company that is highly organized, well controlled and high in employee satisfaction. According to the contingency theory of leadership, there is a greater need for a _____ leader than a _____ leader.

Answer 56

task-oriented

Question 57

Compared to individuals deciding alone, members of groups tend to make decisions that are ________ than the initial inclinations of its members.

Answer 57

more extreme

Question 58

Process loss can best be defined as

Answer 58

anything that inhibits good problem solving

Question 59

The three reasons why the presence of others can be arousing are that others can:

Answer 59

makes us vigilant distracts us makes us apprehensive

Question 60

You are a member of a team of detectives and police investigators who are trying to solve a crime. Based on information in your text about information sharing in groups, what would be the best way for your team to discuss the crime and solve it accurately?

Answer 60

have each member responsible for certain information

Question 61

Pursuing one's self-interest can create ________ in which individual benefits decrease because everyone engages in the same behaviors.

Answer 61

social dilema

Question 62

The phenomenon of groupthink is most likely to occur when a group is under stress, highly ________________, and when the leader is very ________________.

Answer 62

cohesive | directive

Question 63

Ann is a leader who inspires her employees to look at the broad, long-term goals of her company. She is able to get her employees to find a common goal, and she really thinks outside of the box. Ann’s leadership style is best described as

Answer 63

transformational

Question 64

The resident assistant of a campus residence hall notices that when a team of five students is assigned to bathroom duty, the bathrooms are not as well cleaned as when only one student is assigned to clean them. What phenomenon does this example illustrate?

Answer 64

social loafing

Question 65

Integrative solutions are

Answer 65

means to find outcomes favorable to both parties

Question 66

Public television relies on the voluntary donations of its viewers. If not enough viewers donate, all viewers lose programming. This situatioin is a good example of a

Answer 66

public goods dilema

Question 67

rving Janis (1972, 1982) considered all of the following to be symptoms of groupthink except

Answer 67

emergence of devil's advocate

Question 68

One reason why people may engage in social loafing in groups is that they feel

Answer 68

less noticeable

Question 69

When people or roaches undertake a difficult task, the presence of others _____ performance; whereas when they undertake a simple task, the presence of others ______ performance.

Answer 69

impairs | enhances

Question 70

Recall that in the Deutsch and Krauss (1960, 1962) trucking game, each participant's "profits" depend on how quickly his or her truck gets to the destination. Sometimes one participant had a gate with which to threaten the other participantt; other times, both participants had a gate, and still other times, neither participant had a gate. Under which condition(s) did participants make the most money?

Answer 70

when neither party had a gate