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Comprehensive Health Assessments > Chapter 9: Hair, Skin, Nails > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Hair, Skin, Nails Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Bulla

A

fluid-filled sac or lesion that appears when fluid is trapped under a thin layer of the skin
- blister
- vesicle like > 1 cm in diameter

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2
Q

Clubbing

A

condition affective the fingers and toes in which proliferation of distal tissues, especially the nail beds, results in thickening and widening of the extremities of the digits; the nails are abnormally curved and shiny
- when angle of the nail beds is >180 degrees

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3
Q

Confluent

A

skin lesions that become merged, forming a patch;
- lesions that are not discrete, or distinct one from the other

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4
Q

Cyanosis

A

bluish discolorations of the skin, mucous membranes, tongue, lips, or nail beds
- due to an increased concentration of reduced hemoglobin in the circulation

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5
Q

Ecchymosis

A

subcutaneous extravasation of blood within the tissues, which results in discoloration of the skin from the blood in the tissues
- aka bruising

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6
Q

Erythema

A

a common but nonspecific sign of skin irritation, injury, or inflammation caused by dilation of superficial blood vessels in the skin
- a reddening of the tissue

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7
Q

Jaundice

A

condition that causes the skin and whites of the eyes to turn yellow

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8
Q

Keloid

A

excess growth of scar tissue where the skin has healed

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9
Q

Leukonychia

A

abnormal nail matrix keratinization causing nail plate parakeratosis; also known as white nails

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10
Q

Linear

A

abnormal lesions that form in a line

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11
Q

Macule

A

small, flat, nonpalpable skin color change, less than 1 cm with a circumscribed border
- like a freckle or port-wine stain

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12
Q

Nevi

A

congenital, raised, pigmented growth, e.g, a mole
- uniform color
- typically less then 5 mm in diameter
- 10-40 usually above waist or on sun-exposed areas
- clearly defined border

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13
Q

Nodule

A

a primary skin lesion that is solid, elevated, hard/soft
- greater than 1 cm in diameter

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14
Q

Pallor

A

loss of the pinkish tones of the skin due to the lack of blood flow to the surface of the skin

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15
Q

Papule

A

palpable skin lesions less than 1 cm in diameter

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16
Q

Patch

A

greater then 1 cm, may have irregular border

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17
Q

Petechiae

A

tiny, purple spots on the skin
- blood vessels that have popped

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18
Q

Plaque

A

papules that join to form surface elevation wider than 1 cm

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19
Q

Pustule

A

vesicle-like filled with purulent fluid
- aka a pimple

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20
Q

Rash

A

area of irritated or swollen skin; often itchy, red, painful, irritated

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21
Q

Scar

A

area of fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after an injury

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22
Q

Striae

A

asymmetric, raised, red linear streaks (striae rubrae) that tend to flatten and lighten over time
- commonly called stretch marks

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23
Q

Turgor

A

skin elasticity; the ability of skin to change shape and return to normal

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24
Q

Vesicle

A

small, fluid-filled sacs that can appear on your skin; fluid may be clear, white, yellow, or mixed with blood
-<1 cm in diameter
- blisters

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25
Zosteriform
distribution of cutaneous lesions that follow a nerve; a unilateral girdle-like distribution - can be caused by shingles or herpes
26
What is vitiligo ?
development of unpigmented patch(s) - hypopigmentation - most common in dark skinned individuals - thought to be auto-immune disorder (melanocytes are destroyed) - not born with but you develop it over time
27
What is Albinism ?
genetic absence of melanocytes - hypopigmentation
28
What is Melasma ?
darkening of the color across the nose and the cheeks, and the upper lip - hyperpigmentation - more common in women - usually on face - associated with hormonal changes - worsened with exposure to sunlight - aka chloasma "mask of pregnancy"; tends to fade a few months after delivery - harmless
29
What is Hemosiderin Staining ?
staining of the legs caused by chronic venous insufficiency - hyperpigmentation - blood pools under the skin - poor venous return from legs with back-up of fluid and red blood cells from capillaries into interstitial tissues - Risk factors: advanced age, obesity, previous blood clots, injuries, or surgery to legs
30
What is Urticaria/Hives/Wheals ?
a skin rash caused by allergy to food, medication, or environmental irritant - usually acute - itchy and raised skin - can be treated with antihistamines (benadryl) - can be hard to see in darker skin
31
What do we use to compare normal moles to possible melanomas ?
A: asymmetry (not round or oval) B: border (poorly defined or irregular) C: color (uneven, variegated) D: diameter (greater than 6 mm) E: evolving (changing, getting bigger, darker, etc) F: feeling (itching, burning, tingling, etc)
32
What is important about melanomas on darker skin ?
- less common on darker skin (increased melanocytes help protect against sun) - melanoma often diagnosed later in darker skin - black people are more likely to die from melanoma than white people
33
What is Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) ?
- most common skin cancer - affects light-skinned individuals between 40-80 - locally invasive, can grow quite large but rarely metastasizes (does not spread) - most common in males then females - grows slowly - nodular pigmented lesions with depressed center and rolled borders and/or central ulceration in areas of sun or UV light exposure
34
What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) ?
- 2nd most common skin cancer - invasive cancer of head, neck from sun or UV light exposure - most common if >50 with blue eyes, and childhood freckling - men more affected - can be more aggressive than BCC - lesion is soft, mobile and slightly elevated with surrounding redness
35
What is Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis ?
irregular/oval patch on sacrum and buttocks, bluish/greenish or bruised looking - common in asians and african darker skinned children - usually disappears by age 1-2 yrs - link with inherited disorders of metabolism
36
What is Cafe Au-Lait Spots ?
large round/oval patch - flat, pigmented birthmark - light brown in color (coffee with milk) - occasionally associated with neurofibromatosis (tumor growth in nervous system) - usually present at birth but can develop in first few years of life
37
What is Nevus Simplex ?
small, red or pink spot seen on back of neck (nape), forehead, eyelids -aka "stork bite" - can be caused by telangiectasis (permanent dilation of small blood vessels) - can also be caused by flat capillary hemangioma (abnormal growth of blood vessels) - usually disappears by 5 yrs - vascular
38
What are some abnormal birthmarks ?
- Nevus Flammeus - Infantile (Strawberry) Hemangioma - Cavernous Hemangioma
39
What is Nevus Flammeus ?
large macule usually on the face along the 5th cranial nerve - aka port-wine stain - does not disappear (often start pinkish and become red/purple) - bluish/purple capillary areas - caused by a mutation of a specific gene - treatment: laser (not always effective)
40
What is Strawberry (Infantile) Hemangioma ?
a slightly raised skin growth - red (in pale babies) with sharp demarcation line - may be 2-3 cm diameter as they grow - usually disappear by age 5 - may require laser treatment
41
What is Cavernous Hemangioma ?
mass that forms from collection of malformed reddish or bluish blood vessels - may continue to grow until 10-15 months of age - should be assessed frequently but often shrink and go away - could affect eyesight or breathing - treatment: surgery, depends on location, symptoms, Hx (history) of bleeding from lesion
42
What is Diaphoresis ?
excess moisture; abnormal in absence of strenuous activity - causes are hyperthermia, extreme anxiety, shock, hyperthyroidism
43
What is Alopecia Areata ?
chronic inflammatory disease of hair follicles - multiple round patches of hair loss - unknown cause: believe autoimmune disorder, metabolic disease and stressful events - poorly developed shaft breaks and grows back in 3-4 months (some may suffer total scalp hair loss)
44
What are melanomas ?
- most serious form of skin cancer - responsible for majority of skin cancer related deaths - typically arise from nevi - ABCDEF assessment - lesion may have flaking, scaling, be brown, tan, brown, pink or purple with mixed pigmentation
45
What is Onychomycosis ?
fungal infection of nail plate caused by tinea unguium - occurs in up to 18% of population in given areas - nail plate turns yellow or white as debris accumulates - nail eventually separates from nail bed and nail plate splits and crumbles
46
What is Paronychia ?
acute or chronic infection of cuticle - usually caused by staph or strep but candida may also be causative organism - rapid onset of very painful inflammation at base of nail abscess may form - frequent exposure to moisture is risk factor - inflammation develops slowly usually starting at nail base and works along side of nails
47
What are Ecchymosis ?
bruises; discoloration of skin caused by blood seeping into tissue as result of trauma - 1-2 days: purple to deep black - 3-6 days: green to brown - 6-15 days: tan to yellow (fading) - look for patterns such as loop pattern (cord hitting)
48
What are signs of abuse in older adult skin ?
- bruising - lacerations - fractures inconsistent with functional ability - pressure ulcers - dehydration - poor hygiene
49
What does a stage 1 ulcer look like ?
intact non-blanchable (doesn't change color with pressure) redness -no slough
50
What does a stage 2 ulcer look like ?
partial-thickness shallow open ulcer with pink wound bed - no slough (layer on skin that covers wound and must be removed for healing to begin) or bruising - may also appear as bulla (blister)
51
What does a stage 3 ulcer look like ?
full-thickness skin loss - subcutaneous fat may be visible - no bone, tendon or muscles exposed - slough may be present - wound may have undermining and tunneling - depth depends on location r/t varied anatomic skin depths
52
What does a stage 4 ulcer look like ?
full thickness - bone, tendon or muscle are exposed - slough or eschar (dead tissue) may be present in wound bed - undermining and tunneling often present - depth depends on location
53
What are examples of hypopigmentation ?
- vitiligo - albinism
54
What are examples of hyperpigmentation ?
- melasma - hemosiderin staining
55
What is the significance of hot/warm skin ?
- hyperthyroidism - localization= inflammation, infection, traumatic injury, or thermal injury
56
What is the significance of cold/cool skin ?
- localization= poor peripheral perfusion - shock or hypothermia
57
What can cause excessive skin thickness ?
diabetes - can cause abnormal collagen resulting from hyperglycemia
58
What can cause decreased skin thickness ?
- hyperthyroidism - arterial insufficiency and aging
59
What can cause dull, coarse and brittle hair ?
- nutritional deficiencies - hypothyroidism - exposure to chemicals
60
What can cause alopecia ?
- autoimmune disorders - anemic conditions - nutritional deficiencies - radiation or antineoplastic treatments
61
What is Hirsutism ?
hair growth in women with an increase in hair on face, body, and pubic area - caused by an increase in male hormones
62
What is a deep tissue injury ?
type or pressure ulcer that damages the underlying tissue, skin, fat and muscle tissue - restrict blood flow causes non-blanching
63
How would cyanosis look like in a pale and dark skinned individual ?
Pale: grayish-blue tone - seen in nail beds, earlobes, lips, mucous membranes, and feet Dark: ashen-grey tone - best seen in conjunctiva of eyes, oral mucous membranes
64
Where are the best places to see jaundice in dark-skinned individuals ?
- sclera, palms of hands and soles of feet
65
How does pallor look like in dark-skinned individuals ?
- appears lighter then normal - light-skinned AA: yellowish-brown skin - dark-skinned AA: appear ashen
66
How does petechiae appear in dark-skinned individuals ?
- hard to see - best seen in buccal mucous of mouth, or sclera of eye - may look like blackish spots instead of reddish or purple
67
How do rashes appear on dark-skinned individuals ?
- not easily seen but can be felt with light palpation
68
What is Milia ?
small papules on checks, nose, chin and forehead - usually disappears by 3rd week of life - common primary lesion in newborn/infants
69
What is Erythemia Toxicum ?
common rash in newborns/infants - erythematous macules, papules and pustules - lasts a few days, gone within 2 weeks and will go away on its own
70
What is lanugo ?
silky body hair found on premature babies - commonly on scalp, ears, shoulders, and back
71
What is the most serious form of skin cancer ?
melanoma
72
What is Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis ?
irregular/oval patch on sacrum and buttocks - caused by increased melanocytes - bluish/greenish, or bruised looking - aka mongolian spot - usually disappear by age 1-2 - common in asian and AA dark skinned kids - linked with inherited disorders of metabolism

Comprehensive Health Assessments (13 decks)

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