Disease, Conditions, and Deformities (Final)

Question 1

Tachypnea

Answer 1

rapid, shallow breathing
- >20 breaths per min

Question 2

Bradypnea

Answer 2

slow breathing
- <12 breaths per min

Question 3

Dyspnea

Answer 3

shortness of breath (SOB)

Question 4

Orthopnea

Answer 4

difficulty breathing when lying down

Question 5

Kussmauls

Answer 5

“air hunger”
- distressing, paroxysmal dyspnea
- body’s compensation to acidosis

Question 6

Pectus Carinatum

Answer 6

abnormal cartilage growth causing sternum to protrude from chest
- breast bone is pushed outwards
- “pigeon chest”

Question 7

Pectus Excavatum

Answer 7

when breast bone is sunken into the chest

Question 8

Crepitus

Answer 8

unusual popping or crackling
- indicates air in subcutaneous tissue

Question 9

Pleural Friction Rub

Answer 9

superficial, low-pitched, coarse rubbing or grating sound
- sounds like 2 surfaces rubbing together
- in both expiration and inspiration
- caused by inflammation of parietal and visceral pleura rubbing together

Question 10

Rhonchi

Answer 10

low-pitched wheezing (like snoring or moaning)
- during expiration
- continuous
- when you have bronchitis, asthma, COPD

Question 11

Bronchitis

Answer 11

inflammation of the bronchial tubes
- may be productive w/ sputum
- can cause coughing, wheezing, etc

Question 12

Asthma

Answer 12

hyper-reactive airway disease caused by bronchoconstriction, airways obstruction, and inflammation

Question 13

Emphysema

Answer 13

destruction of alveolar walls causing permanent abnormal enlargement of the air spaces
- causes 1:1 AP diameter

Question 14

Pneumothorax

Answer 14

air or gas in the cavity between the lungs and the chest wall, causing collapse of the lung
- decreased chest wall movement on side of injury can occur
- breath sounds over affected area are absent
- tracheal deviation (moves away from the midline and must be seen immediately)

Question 15

Retraction

Answer 15

when the area between the ribs and in the neck sinks in when a person with asthma tries to inhale
- Ex.) intercostal muscles are drawn inward between the ribs
- indicates airway obstruction
- may occur during pneumonia

Question 16

Vocal (tactile) Fremitus

Answer 16

feeling the vibrations of the anterior or posterior thorax
- should be equal bilaterally
- may be absent in a healthy person with a high-pitched or soft voice

Question 17

Atelectasis

Answer 17

collapsed alveoli caused by external pressure from a tumors, fluid, or air in the pleural space
- diminished breath sounds and fremitus, low 02 Sat

Question 18

Exophthalmos

Answer 18

abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs
- sign of hyperthyroidism

Question 19

Nystagmus

Answer 19

involuntary movement of the eye

Question 20

Presbyopia

Answer 20

loss of eyes’ lens to accommodate to near vision; occurs around age 40
- leads to farsightedness

Question 21

Strabismus

Answer 21

cross-eyed, optic axes cannot be directed to the same object
- caused by weakness of extraocular muscles

Question 22

Myopia

Answer 22

nearsightedness

Question 23

Hyperopia

Answer 23

farsightedness

Question 24

Astigmatism

Answer 24

rregular corneal curvature that prevents light rays from being focused clearly on the retina

Question 25

Enophthalmos

Answer 25

eyelid and lashes are rolled in (trauma, congenital, syndromes)
- eyes are sunken in

Question 26

Coloboma

Answer 26

a hole in a structure of the eye

Question 27

Ptosis

Answer 27

lid is covering a portion of the pupil

Question 28

Leukoplakia

Answer 28

white patch or plaque on oral mucosa that can’t be scraped off

Question 29

Goiter

Answer 29

enlarged thyroid
- may be seen as fullness in neck

Question 30

Clonus

Answer 30

neurological condition causing involuntary muscle contractions

Question 31

Dysphagia

Answer 31

difficulty swallowing

Question 32

Dysphasia

Answer 32

partial or complete inability to communication, resulting from a brain injury

Question 33

Receptive/Fluent Aphasia

Answer 33

inability to comprehend the speech of others, spoken words are logical
- Wernicke’s Asphasia: temporal lobe

Question 34

Expressive/Non-Fluent Aphasia

Answer 34

inability to communicate or express ideas as meaningful speech

Question 34

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 34

progressive demyelination of nerve fibers of brain and spinal cord
- typical onset between 20-50 yrs; higher risk among women
- clinical findings depend on the area of affected CNS
Symptoms:
- fatigue
- depression
- paresthesia
- ocular changes
- gait instability
- bowel/bladder dysfunction

Question 35

Parkinson Disease

Answer 35

a chronic, progressive movement disorder
- results from degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons

Question 35

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

Answer 35

occurs when brain cells die from ischemia
- results from thrombus, embolus, or hemorrhage
- clinical findings vary depending on area of the brain involved and extend of ischemic area
Symptoms:
- motor impairments
- bowel and bladder dysfunction
- speech and swallowing difficulties

Question 36

Cryptorchidism

Answer 36

undescended testicle(s)

Question 37

Paget’s Disease

Answer 37

rare cancer type involving the skin of the nipple, and usually the areola
- red, scaly nipple with discharge and crusting that lasts more than a few weeks

Question 38

Gynecomastia

Answer 38

overdevelopment of the male breast(s)
- most prevalent during puberty
- older adult men or men who are overweight

Question 39

Peau d’Orange

Answer 39

rare form of breast cancer involving the nipple
- thickened skin with large pores
- called this because the skin looks like an orange peel
- can be caused by edema

Question 40

Witch’s Milk

Answer 40

folk term for the milk that often comes from the breast of a newborn baby

Question 41

Fibrocystic Breast Disease

Answer 41

1 or more palpable masses that around round, well-delineated, mobile, tender
- cysts fluctuate in size and tenderness with menstrual cycle

Question 42

Fibroadenoma

Answer 42

mass of glandular and fibrous tissue;
- round, rubbery, mobile, nontender
- doesn’t change with menstrual cycle
- affects women 15-35
- usually unilateral

Question 43

Mastitis

Answer 43

an inflammatory condition of the breast usually caused by a bacterial infection
- frequently in lactating women
- in nonlactating women it can be caused by nipple rings, breast implants, or trauma
- usually in one area of the breast
- red, edematous, tender, warm to touch, and hard
- axillary lymph nodes are often enlarged and tender, fever & chills, general malaise

Question 44

Galactorrhea

Answer 44

inappropriate lactation
- caused by endocrine-related disorders like pituitary gland, systemic diseases, and adverse effects of many medication (especially those that interfere with or suppress dopamine)
- manifestation of milky-appearing nipple discharge

Question 45

Ductal Ectasia

Answer 45

benign breast disease characterized by inflammation and dilation involving one or multiple subareolar ducts
- affects perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
- sticky nipple discharge that is dark green or black, burning or itching of the nipple and edema in the areolar area

Question 46

Intraductal Papilloma

Answer 46

small, benign tumor growth in the major ducts usually forms within 1 to 2 cm of the areolar edge
- between ages 40 to 60
- spontaneous, bloody discharge from the nipple, painful mass is palpated

Question 47

Noninvasive Breast Cancer

Answer 47

2 types of breast cancers that are noninvasive; ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
- DCIS is true precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma (DCIS most important)
- most common sign is abnormal mammogram