Chapter 9 indigenous languages Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 9 indigenous languages Deck (23)
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1
Q

Three political groupings of Indigenous peoples in Canada

A

First Nations, Metis, Inuit

2
Q

How many indigenous language families spoken in Canada

A

7 First Nations families and 2 isolates plus a separate language family spoken by inuit and the mixed language of the metis (10 in total) 50-70 actual languages.

3
Q

Which Indigenous families are just in BC

A

Salish, Wakashan, Tsimshianic and two isolates Haida and Ktunaxa

4
Q

What are the six indigenous languages spoken on Vancouver Island

A
Kwak’wala (Wakashan)
•  Nuu-chah-nulth (Wakashan)
•  Ditidaht (Wakashan)
•  Northern Straits Salish (incl. SENĆOŦEN)
•  Hul’q’umi’num (Salish)
•  Comox/Sliammon (Salish)
5
Q

The most extensively spoken Indigenous languages in Canada are

A
  • Cree (Algonquian): 90K speakers in Canada +1K US
  • Inuktitut (Eskimo-Aleut): 34K Canada+46K Greenland
  • Ojibwe (Algonquian): 31K Canada+ 5K US
  • Dëne Sųłiné (Athabaskan): 12K Canada
6
Q

potlatches

A

an important vehicle for passing down Indigenous values and oral histories in a community’s language. were banned

7
Q

How many indigenous languages are there in Canada?

A

It is estimated that at the time of contact there were 450 Aboriginal languages and dialects in Canada.
There are now approximately 50-70 Indigenous languages still spoken in Canada

8
Q

All Indigenous languages in Canada are seriously endangered, which three are not at risk of extinction?

A

Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibwe

9
Q

where has the greatest diversity of Indigenous languages in Canada?

A

BC, about 30 languages belonging to eight distinct language families.

10
Q

When was the language revitalization movement was fully established?

A

The language revitalization movement was fully established by the 1980s–early 1990s.

11
Q

What are the strategies for language revitalization?

A
Speaking the language at home
Language classes
Documentation and preservation
Creation of resources
Teacher training
Policy and political advocacy
Research
Language engineering
Bilingual schooling
Immersion
Immersion in Early Childhood
12
Q

Speaking the language at home

A

The best way to transmit a language is for children to acquire it as a first language
A long-term plan, and strategies that involve the whole community, work best.

13
Q

Language classes

A

Indigenous language is taught as a subject

most accessible option, but it tends not to produce fluent speakers

14
Q

Documentation and preservation

A

Taping Elders speaking the language; creating dictionaries and interactive computer resources
Doesn’t directly create fluent speakers

15
Q

Creation of resources

A

Creation of teaching resources such as books, audiotapes, CD-ROMs, videotapes and films.

16
Q

Teacher training

A

A fluent speaker is not automatically a skillful language teacher.
Several institutions offer certified teacher- training programs supporting teaching and learning of Indigenous languages

17
Q

Policy and political advocacy

A

Fundraising and strategizing at higher levels.

ex. federal Aboriginal Languages Initiative (begun in 1998)

18
Q

Research

A

partnerships with linguistic scholars allow Indigenous investigators to learn about linguistic theory, to archive language materials, and to produce effective language- learning materials.

19
Q

Language engineering

A

process of establishing language authorities to create and document new vocabulary.
allows the language to incorporate contemporary expressions for aspects of popular culture, such as rap music or snowboarding.

20
Q

Bilingual schooling

A

first bilingual Cree-English school opened in Thompson, Manitoba in 2001.
bilingual schools have varying degrees of success

21
Q

Immersion

A

Adult-specific: Master-Apprentice and small- group programs for regular conversations with Elders.
Early childhood programs (language nests) provide immersion for infants.

22
Q

Immersion in Early Childhood

A

Within months of being born, babies begin to acquire language; by age five they have mastered the phonology, morphology and syntax of their native language.
Up to three years of age is a critical time for children to acquire the phonology of their first language(s).

23
Q

Language nests

A

early childhood programs to immerse infants into indigenous language