Chapter 12 Psycholinguistics Flashcards
(43 cards)
spoonerisms
slips of the tongue
useful for data about language processing
indicate that utterances are planned before they are articulated
provide evidence for particular linguistic units, such as phonemes and morphemes
Analyzing spoonerisms is a field technique
“You have hissed all my mystery lectures”
experimental methods to study the organization of the mental lexicon
lexical decision
priming
lexical decision
subjects must decide whether a string of letters is or is not a word
Dependent variables: response latency (the time to respond) and response accuracy (correctness/incorrectness of the response)
Response times (lexical decision)
Higher-frequency words (e.g. free) yield faster responses than lower-frequency words (e.g. fret)
Unpronounceable nonwords (e.g. nlib) also yield slower responses than pronounceable ones (e.g. plib), indicating that phonotactic constraints play a role in processing
Non-words that sound like real words (e.g. blud, phocks) also yield slower responses than those that do not
priming
the target item (e.g. the item to be judged in a lexical decision task) is preceded by a related prime
Response time is is faster if the prime is related: semantically (cat-dog)
orthographically (couch-touch)
phonologically (light-bite)
or morphologically (legal-illegality).
parsing
The unconscious automatic analysis of sentences.
Unlike morphemes, which are stored, sentences are generated and interpreted by means of computations
Methods of studying sentence processing
timed-reading experiments
eye-tracking experiments
event-related potential (ERP) experiments
timed-reading experiments
subjects press a bar on the keyboard to advance from one word to the next. The dependent variable is response time
what do timed-reading experiments show?
show that content words such as nouns and verbs take longer to process than function words such as determiners, conjunctions, and prepositions
show that readers pause at the end of a sentence; this is seen as the effect of integrating preceding information into the clause structure
saccades
jerky eye movements while reading a sentence, can be tracked using a video camera.usually progress forwards during reading. they are called regressive saccades when going backwards
eye-tracking experiments
look at saccades and regressive saccades
The dependent variables in eye-tracking experiments are fixation location, fixation time, and the number of regressive saccades.
• Eye fixations are typically centred on content words, and are typically longer for less frequent words.
regressive saccades
- Syntactically complex and semantically anomalous (odd) sentences are associated with a greater number of regressive saccades.
- Regressive saccades also occur more with less proficient readers.
Event-related potential (ERP) experiments
measure voltage fluctuations on the scalp, resulting from neural activity in the brain.
Random fluctuations are eliminated by averaging over many presentations of a given stimulus type
What remains is the electrical activity related to a particular type of stimulus event
well-known ERP component
the N400, a negative electrical potential (voltage) about 400 milliseconds (ms) after a word is presented
This response is stronger for words that are unexpected in their semantic context
Example:
The pizza was too hot to eat. The pizza was too hot to drink. The pizza was too hot to cry.
what do ERP experiments show
suggests that the interpretation of a sentence proceeds incrementally, not waiting until the sentence is complete
Language corpora
can be analyzed for information about words, such as: • frequency • age of acquisition • syntactic contexts • morphological family size • semantics of neighbouring words
English Lexicon Project
provides databases of stimulus words for psycholinguistic experiments, and response times from multiple lexical decision experiments
Google Ngram
graphs the relative frequency of words or phrases (as found in Google Books) over time
bottom-up processing
• As listeners hear an utterance, they perform a phonetic analysis to isolate phonemes and word boundaries, and relate these to items in the mental lexicon.
top-down processing
isteners also develop a partial representation of what they hear, and form expectations to guide phonetic processing and word recognition
slips of the tongue evidence
phonological features play a role in language processing, since they can be involved in reversal or spreading errors
Intended
cohort model of speech processing
evidence that listeners analyze each word incrementally from beginning to end, gradually reducing the number of compatible word choices until only one is left (plus any homophones).
The unit of analysis appears to be the phoneme
cohort model of speech processing example
g: gap, get, ghost, girl, glass, glee, goat, gull… gl: glad, glass, glazier, glee, glimpse, gloat… gla: glad, glamorous, gland, glass, glazier… glas: glasnost, glass…
glass
syllable
evidence that the syllable plays a role in speech processing
subjects identify target syllables more quickly than target non- syllables