Chapter 9 - Joints

Question 1

What is a Joint?

Answer 1

A point of contact between:
2 or more bones
Cartilage and bone
Teeth and bone

Question 2

What are the Structural Classifications of Joints?

Answer 2

Fibrous - no movement
Cartilaginous - very slight movement
Synovial - most movement

Question 3

What are Fibrous Joints?

Answer 3

Lacks Synovial Cavity
Articulating bones held together with dense fibrous connective tissue
Permit little or no movement

Types:

Sutures:
Dense fibrous connective tissue
ex - Suture in skull

Syndesmoses:
More dense fibrous connective tissue than a suture
ex - Gomphosis in teeth

Interosseus Membranes:
Broad sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue
ex - between Radius and Ulna

Question 4

What are Cartilaginous Joints?

Answer 4

Lack Synovial Cavity
Articulating bones held together with cartilage connective tissue
Permit little or no movement

Types:

Synchondrosis:
Hyaline cartilage with no movement
ex - Epiphyseal Plate, Costocartilage

Symphysis:
Fibrocartilage with some movement
ex - Pubic Symphysis, Intervertebral Discs

Question 5

What are Synovial Joints?

Answer 5

Articular cartilage on ends of long bones
Synovial Cavity between articulating bones
Surrounded by Accessory Ligaments
Contain Synovial Fluid, a nerve, and blood supply
Surrounded by an Articular Capsule
Freely moveable
ex- Hip, Knee, Shoulder, Elbow

Question 6

What are the Functional Classifications of Joints?

Answer 6

Synarthroses - Fibrous
Amphiarthroses - Cartilaginous
Diarthroses - Synovial

Question 7

What are Synarthroses Joints?

Answer 7

Allow no movement
ex - Suture, Gomphosis

Question 8

What are Amphiarthroses Joints?

Answer 8

Allow little movement
ex- Pubic Symphysis, Intervertebral Discs

Question 9

What are Diarthroses Joints?

Answer 9

Freely moveable
ex- Hip, Knee, Shoulder, Elbow

Question 10

What is a Suture Joint?

Answer 10

Articulating bones united by a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Found between skull bones
With age, some sutures replaced by Synostosis

Synostosis:
Separate cranial bones fuse into single bone

Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

ex- Coronal suture

Question 11

What is a Syndesmosis?

Answer 11

Articulating bones united by more dense irregular connective tissue
Usually a Ligament

Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

ex- distal Tibiofibular Joint

Question 12

What is an Interosseus Membrane?

Answer 12

Articulating bones united by substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue

Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

ex- Between Tibia and Fibula

Question 13

What is a Synchondrosis?

Answer 13

Connecting material
Hyaline cartilage

Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
Synarthroses (immoveable)

ex- Between first rib and Manubrium of Sternum

Question 14

What is a Symphysis?

Answer 14

Connecting material
Broad, flat disc of Fibrocartilage

Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

ex- Pubic Symphysis, Intervertebral Discs

Question 15

What is an Epiphyseal Cartilage?

Answer 15

Hyaline cartilage growth center
Not actually a joint

Synarthrosis (immoveable)

ex- Epiphyseal Plate between Diaphysis and Epiphysis of long bone

Question 16

What is an Articular Capsule?

Answer 16

Surrounds synovial joints

Made of:
Fibrous Membrane
Synovial Membrane

Houses:
Synovial Cavity (with Synovial Fluid)
Articular cartilage
Parts of the epiphyses of articulating bones

Question 17

What are Bursae and Tendon Sheaths?

Answer 17

Bursae and Tendon Sheaths can be found at many Synovial Joints

Question 18

What are Bursae?

Answer 18

Sac-like structures filled with Synovial Fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another

Question 19

What are Tendon Sheaths?

Answer 19

A tube-like bursae that wraps around tendons subject to a great deal of friction

Question 20

What are the Types of Movements at Synovial Joints?

Answer 20

1- Gliding

2- Angular:
Flexion
Lateral Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction

3- Rotation

4- Special:
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion
Supination
Pronation
Opposition

Question 21

What is a Gliding movement?

Answer 21

Movement of relatively flat bone surfaces back and forth and side to side over one another
Little change in angle between bones

ex- Carpals, Tarsals

Question 22

What is a Angular movement?

Answer 22

Increase or decrease in angle between bones

Question 23

What is a Flexion movement?

Answer 23

Decrease angle between articulating bones
In sagittal plane

Question 24

What is a Lateral Flexion movement?

Answer 24

Movement of trunk in frontal plane

Question 25

What is a Extension movement?

Answer 25

Increase in angle between articulating bones Usually in sagittal plane

Question 26

What is a Hyperextension movement?

Answer 26

Extension beyond anatomical position

Question 27

What is a Abduction movement?

Answer 27

Movement of bone away from midline Usually in frontal plane

Question 28

What is a Adduction movement?

Answer 28

Movement of bon towards midline usually in frontal plane

Question 29

What is a Circumduction movement?

Answer 29

Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation in succession Distal end of body parts move in circle

Question 30

What is a Rotation movement?

Answer 30

Movement of bone around longitudinal axis In limbs, may be medial or lateral

Question 31

What is a Special movement?

Answer 31

Occurs at specific joints

Question 32

What is a Elevation movement?

Answer 32

Superior movement of body part

Question 33

What is a Depression movement?

Answer 33

Inferior movement of body part

Question 34

What is a Protraction movement?

Answer 34

Anterior movement of body part In transverse plane

Question 35

What is a Retraction movement?

Answer 35

Posterior movement of body part In transverse plane

Question 36

What is a Inversion movement?

Answer 36

Medial movement of sole

Question 37

What is a Eversion movement?

Answer 37

Lateral movement of sole

Question 38

What is a Dorsiflexion movement?

Answer 38

Bending foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface)

Question 39

What is a Plantar Flexion movement?

Answer 39

Bending foot in direction of plantar surface (sole)

Question 40

What is a Supination movement?

Answer 40

Movement of forearm that turn palm anteriorly

Question 41

What is a Pronation movement?

Answer 41

Movement of forearm that turn palm posteriorly

Question 42

What is a Opposition movement?

Answer 42

Movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on same hand

Question 43

What is a Plane Joint?

Answer 43

Articulated surfaces flat or slightly curved Many Biaxial diarthroses (freely moveable): Back and forth Side to side Some Triaxial diarthroses: Back and forth Side to side Rotation ex- Intercarpal, Intertarsal, Sternocostal (between Sternum and 2nd to 7th pairs of Ribs, Vertebrocostal joints

Question 44

What is a Hinge Joint?

Answer 44

Convex surface fits into concave surface Uniaxial diarthrosis: Flexion Extension ex- Knee (modified hinge), Elbow, Ankle, Interphalangeal joints

Question 45

What is a Pivot Joint?

Answer 45

Rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament Uniaxial diarthrosis: Rotation ex- Atlanto-axial and Radioulnar joints

Question 46

What are the Factors that affect contact and range of motion at Synovial Joints?

Answer 46

1- Structure and shape of articulating bones 2- Strength and tautness of the joint ligaments 3- Arrangement and tension of the muscles 4- Contact of soft parts 5- Hormones (at symphyses such as Estrogen for birth) 5- Disuse

Question 47

What is the Temporomandibular Joint made of?

Answer 47

Articular Capsule Lateral Ligament Stylomandibular Ligament Sphenomandibular Ligament Synovial Cavity: Superior Compartment Inferior Compartment Articular Disc

Question 48

What is the Shoulder Joint made of?

Answer 48

Coracoclavicular Ligaments: Conoid Ligament Trapezoid Ligament Superior Transverse Scapular Ligament Acromioclavicular Ligament Coracoacromial Ligament Coracohumeral Ligament Glenohumeral Ligament Transverse Humeral Ligament Subacromial Bursa Subscapular Bursa Articular Capsule Tendon of Subscapularis Muscle Tendon of Biceps Brachii Muscle(long head) Tendon of Supraspinatus Muscle Tendon of Infraspinatus Muscle Tendon of Teres Minor Muscle Glenoid Labrum Glenoid Cavity (covered with Articular Cartilage)

Question 49

What is the Elbow Joint made of?

Answer 49

Anular Ligament of the Radius Ulnar Collateral Ligament Radial Collateral Ligament Articular Capsule Olecranon Bursa Tendon of Biceps Brachii Muscle

Question 50

What is the Hip Joint made of?

Answer 50

Iliofemoral Ligament Pubofemoral Ligament Ischiofemoral Ligament Ligament of Head of Femur Transverse Ligament of Acetabulum Obturator Canal Obturator Membrane Zona Orbicularis Tendon of Rectus Femoris Muscle Acetabular Labrum Articular Capsule Articular cartilage Synovial Cavity

Question 51

What is the Knee Joint made of?

Answer 51

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Posterior Cruciate Ligament Transverse Ligament of Knee Medial Meniscus Lateral Meniscus Fibular Collateral Ligament Tibial Collateral Ligament Anterior Ligament of Head of Fibula Patellar Ligament Suprapatellar Bursa Prepatellar Burse Infrapatellar Bursa Tendon of Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Articular Cartilage Infrapatellar Fat Pad Lateral Patellar Retinaculum Medial Patellar Retinaculum Oblique Popliteal Ligament Arcuate Popliteal Ligament

Question 52

How does Aging affect Joints?

Answer 52

Decreased production of synovial fluid Thinning of articular cartilage Loss of ligament length and flexibility

Question 53

What is Arthroplasty?

Answer 53

Joint replacement surgery can be performed to counter some of the effects of aging

Question 54

What are some Joint Disorders?

Answer 54

Rheumatism and Arthritis Lyme Disease Spain and Strain Tenosynovitis Dislocated Mandible