Chapter 9 Joints Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
*Joint (Articulation or Arthrosis)
A
point of contact
- between 2 bones
- between bones and cartilage
- between bones and teeth
2
Q
Arthrology
A
study of joints
3
Q
Kinesiology
A
study of motion of the human body
4
Q
*How are joints classified?
A
Structural
- Is there a joint cavity?
- What type of connective tissue is involved?
Functional
-What degree of movement is produced?
5
Q
*Types of Structural Classification of Joints
A
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial joints
6
Q
*Types of Functional Classification of Joints
A
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
7
Q
Fibrous joint
A
no synovial cavity
bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers
permit little to no movement
8
Q
Cartilaginous joint
A
- no synovial cavity
- bones are held together by cartilage
- little to no movement (synarthrosis)
- articulating bones held together by hyaline or fibrous cartilage
9
Q
Synovial joint
A
bones forming these joints have a synovial cavity
united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule and often by accessory ligaments
freely moveable
10
Q
Synarthrosis
A
immoveable joint
11
Q
Amphiarthrosis
A
slightly moveable joint
12
Q
Diarthrosis
A
freely moveable joint
all are synovial joints
variety of shapes which permit several different movements
13
Q
3 types of Fibrous Joints
A
sutures
syndesmoses
interosseous membrane (type of syndesmoses)
14
Q
Suture (Fibrous Joint)
A
thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue
only between bones of the skull
15
Q
What are the functions of a suture?
A
interlocking edges add strength
decrease chance of fracturing
immoveable (synarthrosis) or slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis)
shock absorption of the skull
16
Q
Synostosis
A
complete fusion of two separate bones into one
immoveable (synarthrosis)
17
Q
Syndesmosis (syndesmoses) Fibrous Joint
A
- arranged in a bundle (band or ligament) which permits limited movement
- greater distance between articulating surfaces
- more dense irregular connective tissue than suture (interosseous membrane)
18
Q
Syndesmosis (syndesmoses) examples
A
tibiofibular ligament dentoalveolar joint (gomphosis) interosseous membrane
19
Q
Gomphosis (Fibrous Joint) Syndesmosis Type
A
articulation between roots of teeth
type of syndesmosis
cone shaped peg fits into socket
20
Q
Interosseous Membrane (Fibrous Joint)
A
- Broad sheet of dense irregular connective tissue
- binds neighboring long bones
- important role in defining range of motion between them
- permits slight movement (amphiarthrosis)
- increased attachment surface for muscles (which produce movement of feet and digits
21
Q
Interosseous Membrane Examples (syndesmoses)
A
Between radius and ulna
Between Tibia and Fibula
22
Q
What 2 types of cartilage hold together cartilaginous joints?
A
hyaline or fibrous
23
Q
2 types of cartilaginous joints
A
synchondroses (epiphyseal cartilage is this type)
symphysis
24
Q
Synchondrosis (synchondroses) (Cartilaginous)
A
- connecting material is hyaline
- Slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis) to immoveable (synarthrosis)
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Synchondrosis (synchondroses) example
joint between first rib and manubrium
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Symphysis (Cartilaginous)
ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but a broad, flat disc of fibrouscartilage connects to bones
- all are midline in the body
- slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis)
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Symphysis Example
pubic symphysis
junction of manubrium and body of sternum
intervertebral discs
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Epiphyseal cartilage (Synchondroses)
```
hyaline cartilage growth centers during endochondrial bone formation
*NOT JOINTS ASSOCIATED WITH MOVEMENT
immoveable joint (synarthrosis)
```
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Epiphyseal cartilage Example
epiphyseal growth plate
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*When bone elongation ceases what happens?
bone replaces hyaline cartilage and becomes synostosis (bony joint)
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What is synostosis?
bony joint
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What characteristics distinguish synovial joints from others?
- presence of space (synovial/joint cavity) between articulating bones
- synovial cavity allows considerate movement
- all are functionally freely moveable (diarthrosis)
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What is the space in a synovial joint called?
synovial or joint cavity
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What are the bones at a synovial joint covered in?
hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)
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*Articular cartilage
cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of bones
| smooth, slippery surface but does not bind bones together
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*What does articular cartilage do?
reduces friction between bones in joints during movement and helps absorb shock
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Articular capsule is also known as
joint capsule
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*3 Articular capsule functions
surrounds a synovial joint
encloses the synovial cavity
unites articulating bones
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What is the articular capsule layers composed of?
outer fibrous membrane
| inner synovial membrane
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What is the fibrous membrane of the articular capsule composed of?
Dense irregular connective tissue (usually collagen fibers)
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What is the fibrous membrane of the articular capsule attach to?
periosteum of articulating bones
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*What is the fibrous membrane of the articular capsule a continuation of?
thickened continuation of the periosteum between bones
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*What is the functions of the fibrous membrane of the articular capsule?
flexibility permits considerable movement at a joint
while its great tensile strength (resistance to stretching) helps prevent the bones from dislocating or displacement of bones from a joint
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How are the fibers of some fibrous membranes arranged and what is the purpose?
parallel bundles of dense connective irregular connective tissue that are highly adapted to resisting strains
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Ligaments
fibrous membrane bundles that hold bones close together in a synovial joint
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Synovial membrane
inner layer of the articular capsule
| areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers
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At many synovial joints the synovial membrane will include
accumulations of adipose tissue
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What are the accumulations of adipose tissue of the synovial membrane called?
articular fat pads
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Articular fat pad Example
infrapatellar fat pad of the knee
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Double jointed
not really extra joints but greater flexibility in their articular capsules and ligaments
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What can happen with double joints?
less structurally stable
| more easily dislocated
52
Synovial Fluid
viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid (like egg white)
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What is synovial fluid and where is it located?
forms a thin layer over surfaces within the articular capsule
synovial cavity
54
Functions of synovial fluid
reduce friction by lubricating the joint
absorbs shock
supply oxygen and nutrients, remove carbon dioxide and metabolic waste from chondrocytes within articular cartilage
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What happens to synovial fluid when a joint is immobile for awhile
it becomes viscous or gel like
56
Why is warming up before exercise beneficial in relation to synovial fluid of the joints?
movement increases it becomes less viscous
| stimulates production and secretion of synovial fluid
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2 types of Accessory ligaments
extracapsular ligaments
| intracapsular ligaments
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Accessory ligaments location
synovial joints
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Extracapsular ligament
lie outside the articular capsule
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extracapsular ligament example
fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee joint
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Intracapsular ligament
lie within the articular capsule but are excluded from the synovial cavity by folds in the synovial membrane
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Intracapsular ligament Example
```
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
ACL
LCL
PCL
MCL
```
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Articular discs are also called
menisci
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Articular discs
bind strongly to the inside of the fibrous membrane, usually subdivide the synovial cavity into 2 spaces allowing separate movements to occur in each space
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*Functions of Articular Discs (Menisci)
- shock absorption
- better fit between articulating bony surfaces
- providing adaptable surfaces for combined movements
- weight distribution over a greater contact surface
- distribution of synovial lubricant across the articular surfaces of a joint
66
Labrum
fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of a joint socket
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Where is labrum most prominent?
ball and socket joint of the shoulder and hip
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Nerves that supple a joint are the same as those that supply ___
Skeletal muscles that move the joint
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Nerve endings convey ____ from the joint to the spinal cord and brain for processing
pain
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Other nerve endings respond to the _____ __ _____ and ____ at a joint such as when a physician strikes the tendon below your knee cap to test for reflexes
degree of movement
| stretch
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Veins remove ____ and ____ from the joints
carbon dioxide
| wastes
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Chondrocytes in the articular cartilage of a synovial joint receive ____ and ___ from synovial fluid derived from blood while all other joint tissues are supplied directly by _______
oxygen
nutrients
capillaries
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Bursae
-saclike structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another
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Bursae Example locations
knee and shoulder
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How are bursae similar to joint capsules?
- walls consist of outer fibrous membrane of dense connective tissue lined by a synovial membrane
- filled with small amounts of fluid
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*Where are bursae located and what is their function?
- between skin and bones
- tendons and bones
- ligaments and bones
- cushion the movement of these body parts against each other
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Bursitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the bursae
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Bursitis causes
- irritation from repeated, excessive exertion of a joint
- trauma
- acute or chronic infection
- RA
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Bursitis Symptoms
Pain
Swelling
tenderness
limited movement
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Bursitis Treatment
anti-inflammatory meds
injections
cortisol-like steroids
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Tendon sheaths
aka synovial sheaths
tube like bursae
wrap around tendons subject to a great deal of friction
82
What are the 2 layers of tendon sheaths?
visceral layer
| outer layer
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*Visceral tendon sheath layer attach to
the surface of tendons
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*Outer tendon sheath layer attach to
parietal layer attaches to bone
85
What does the tendon sheath protect?
all sides of a tendon from friction as it slides back and forth
86
Where are tendon sheaths found?
where tendons pass through synovial cavities
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Tendon sheath location example
tendon of bicep brachii muscle at the shoulder joint
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Where are other locations or tendon sheaths?
wrist and ankle (where tendons come together in a confined space
fingers and toes (where there is great deal of movement)
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Four main categories of synovial movements
gliding
angular
rotation
special movements
90
Gliding movements
flat bone surfaces glide back and forth and side to side
limited in range
little change in angle between bones
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Gliding Examples
intercarpal and intertarsal joints
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Angular movements
increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
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Types of Angular movements
flexion
extension
lateral flexion
hyperextension
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Flexion
decrease in the angle of articulating bone (usually along sagittal plane)
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Extension
increase in the angle of articulating bones (usually along sagittal plane)
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Lateral flexion
involves movement of trunk along frontal plane
97
Hyperextension
continuation of extension beyond anatomical position
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Abduction
radial deviation
| movement of a bone away from the midline
99
Adduction
ulnar deviation
| movement of a bone toward the midline
100
Circumduction
movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle
101
Rotation
bone revolves around own longitudinal axis
102
Special movement Types
```
elevation
depression
protraction
retraction
inversion
eversion
dorsi flexion
plantar flexion
supination
pronation
opposition
```
103
Elevation
superior movement of body part
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Depression
Inferior movement of body part
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Protraction
Anterior movement of body part in transverse plane
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Retraction
Posterior movement of body part in transverse plane
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Inversion
medial movement of sole
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Eversion
lateral movement of sole
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Dorsiflexion
bending foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface
110
Plantar flexion
bending foot in direction of plantar surface
111
Supination
movement of forearm turning palm anteriorly
112
Pronation
movement of palm turning palm posteriorly
113
Opposition
movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on same hand
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Types of Synovial Joints
```
Plane joints
Hinge Joints
Pivot Joints
Condyloid Joints
Saddle Joints
Ball and Socket Joints
```
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Plane Joints (Synovial)
articulated surfaces flat or slightly curved
116
Plane Joints Functions (Synovial)
many biaxial diarthroses (freely moveable)
back and fourth, side to side
Some triaxial diarthroses
back and forth, side to side, rotation
117
Plane Joints Locations (Synovial)
intercarpal
intertarsal
sternocostal
vertebrocostal joints
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Hinge Joints (Synovial)
convex surface fits into concave surface
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Hinge Joints Functions (Synovial)
Uniaxial diarthrosis
| flexion and extension
120
Hinge Joints Locations (Synovial)
Knee
Elbow
Ankle
Interphalangeal joints
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Pivot Joints (Synovial)
rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament
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Pivot Joints Functions (Synovial)
Uniaxial diarthrosis
| rotation
123
Pivot Joints Locations (Synovial)
Atlanto-axial
| Radioulnar joints
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Condyloid Joints (Synovial)
oval-shaped projection fits into oval-shaped depression
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Condyloid Joints Functions (Synovial)
Biaxial diarthrosis
flexion-extension
abduction-adduction
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Condyloid Joints Locations (Synovial)
Radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints
127
Saddle Joints (Synovial)
articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped articular surface of other bone is sits in saddle
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Saddle Joints Functions (Synovial)
Biaxial diarthrosis
flexion-extension
abduction-adduction
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Saddle Joints Locations (Synovial)
carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb
130
Ball & Socket (Synovial)
Ball like surface fits into cuplike depression
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Ball & Socket Functions (Synovial)
Triaxial diarthrosis
flexion-extension
abduction-adduction
rotation
132
Ball & Socket Locations (Synovial)
Shoulder and hip joints
133
Synovial Joint Examples
Hip, Knee, Shoulder and Elbow
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*What are the 6 Factors that affect contact and range of motion at synovial joints?
```
Structure and shape of articulating bones
strength and tautness of joint ligaments
arrangement and tension of the muscles
contact of soft parts
hormones
disuse
```
