Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 105 > Chapter 9 - Language and Thought > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Language and Thought Flashcards

1
Q

what is language?

A

a system for communication with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and that convey meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages:

A

grammar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • is more complex than other forms of communication
  • involves words representing intangible things
  • used to think and conceptualize
    these are all characteristics of:
A

human language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two basic characteristics of human language?

A
  • phoneme
  • morpheme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a phoneme?

A

the smallest unit of sound recognized as speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a morpheme?

A

the smallest unit of meaning in a language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

true or false: morphemes have both morphological and syntactical rules

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the three main characteristics of language development?

A

1) children learn language at an astonishing rate
2) children make few errors while learning to speak
3) children’s comprehension of language develops faster than their production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

true or false: infants are unable to distinguish between all human phonemes

A

false, they can; however, this ability dissipates by age 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

at what age does this language milestone occur: can tell the difference between speech sounds; coos, expecially in response to speech

A

0-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

at what age does this language milestone occur: babbles consonants

A

4-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

at what age does this language milestone occur: understands some words and simple requests

A

6-10 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

at what age does this language milestone occur: begins to use single words

A

10-12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

at what age does this language milestone occur: has vocabulary of 30-50 simple words

A

12-18 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

at what age does this language milestone occur: two word phrases are ordered according to syntactical rules, vocabulary consists of 50-200 words, understands rules

A

18-24 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

at what age does this language milestone occur: has vocabulary of about 1000 words, produces phrases and incomplete sentences

A

24-36 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

at what age does this language milestone occur: vocabulary grows to more than 10000 words, produces full sentences, shows mastery of grammatical morphemes

A

36-60 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

occurs when children map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure:

A

fast mapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

devoid of function morphemes and consists mainly of content words:

A

telegraphic speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

as children learn grammar, they tend to ____________ rules

A

overgeneralize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the orderly progression of language development might depend on:

A
  • general cognitive development
  • experience with a specific language
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the behaviourist explanation for language development?

A

language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the limitations of a behoviourist explanation to language?

A
  • parents spend little time teaching language
  • children generate more than simply what they hear
  • errors made cannot be explained through conditioning or imitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the nativist explanation/theory for language development?

A

language is an innate biological capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the collection of processes that facilitate language learning, associated with nativist theory:

A

universal grammar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the interactionist explanations for language development?

A
  • social interactions play a crucial role in language development
  • social experience interacts with innate, biological language abilities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is broca’s area?

A

part of the left frontal cortex in the brain responsible for language production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is wernicke’s area?

A

part of the left temporal complex in the brain responsible for language comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is aphasia?

A

difficulty in producing or comprehending language

30
Q

“word salad” and echolalia are common symptoms of:

A

wernicke’s aphasia

31
Q

one part of the brain is responsible for a specific function:

A

localization of function

32
Q

two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other. so damage to area A does not effect area B:

A

double dissociation

33
Q

true or false: the right hemisphere of the brain does not contribute to language processing or comprehension

A

false, the right hemisphere does have some capacity for processing verbal meaning

34
Q

bilingual individual’s tend to have a later onset of ________ diesease

A

Alzheimer’s

35
Q

learning a second language seems to increase the ability of the _________ to handle linguistic demands

A

left parietal lobe

36
Q

true or false: bilingual people tend to have higher grey matter density in their lower left parietal region than monolingual people

A

true

37
Q

what are some limitations apes exhibit when comprehending and using human language?

A
  • limited vocabulary
  • limited conceptual repertoire
  • limited understanding of grammar
38
Q

being blind from birth alters typical development of brain specialization, which allows regions normally devoted to vision to be co-opted for language processing. this is part of the:

A

developmental specialization hypothesis

39
Q

absence of visual input at any time of life reveals the hidden ability of visual centres to become involved in language processing. this is known as the:

A

unkmasking hypothesis

40
Q

language shapes the nature of thought:

A

linguistic relativity hypothesis

41
Q

who developed the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

A

Benjamin Whorf

42
Q

either thought or language ability can be severely impaired while the capacity for the other is spared. what does this say about the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

A

that it is only “half right”. while language can influence thought, it is not the only factor

43
Q

what is a concept?

A

a mental representation that groups or categories share features of related objects, events, or other stimuli

44
Q

something that must be true of the object to belong to the category:

A

necessary condition

45
Q

something that, if it is true of the object, proves it belongs to the category:

A

sufficient condition

46
Q

new objects classified by comparing them to the “best” or “most typical” member of a category:

A

prototype theory

47
Q

category judgements are made by comparing a new instance with stored memories for some other category cases:

A

exemplar theory

48
Q

these parts of the brain are primarily involved in forming prototypes:

A

left hemisphere and visual cortex

49
Q

these parts of the brain are mainly active in recognizing exemplars:

A

right hemisphere, prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia

50
Q

a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category:

A

category-specific deficit

51
Q

the classical view that decisions are made by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying by two:

A

rational choice theory

52
Q

people are good at estimating the ________ of an event

A

frequency

53
Q

people are poor at tasks that require thinking in terms of ________

A

probabilites

54
Q

items more readily available in memory are judged as having occured more frequently:

A

availability heuristics

55
Q

fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached:

A

heuristics

56
Q

the well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem; in contrast to heuristics:

A

algorithm

57
Q

a mental shortcut that involves making a judgement by comparing an object or event with a prototype of the object or event:

A

representativeness heuristics

58
Q

when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either as an individual event:

A

conjunction fallacy

59
Q

people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased:

A

framing effects

60
Q

people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation:

A

sunk-cost fallacy

61
Q

when people belive that they are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future:

A

optimism bias

62
Q

is optimism bias greater in North America or Eastern cultures?

A

North America

63
Q

when people choose to take on risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evalating potential gains:

A

prospect theory

64
Q

people with prefrontal lobe damage do not show _________ during risky decision making

A

emotional reactions

65
Q

the process of searching for the means or steps to reduce the differences between the current situation and the desired goal:

A

means-end analysis

66
Q

when the same stragety can be applied to solving two different problems:

A

analogical problem solving

67
Q

a mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions:

A

reasoning

68
Q

judgements about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid:

A

belief bias

69
Q

occurs when repeated exposure to a statement increases the likelihood that people will judge the statement to be true:

A

illusory truth effect

70
Q

an illusion that occurs when people overestimate the depth of their understanding, where reasoning and truth assessment may be undermined:

A

illusion of explanatory depth

Psych 105 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions