Chapter 9: Memory

Question 1

Attention is ___ and ___

Answer 1

Limited, selective

Question 2

What is the physical salience of a stimulus and why is this important?

Answer 2

Physical salience is how noticeable something is; important because something larger or more noisy will tend to capture our attention.

Question 3

True or false: things that capture our attention are more likely to be remembered

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is absentmindedness?

Answer 4

The failure to encode something

Question 5

Bob is talking to a friend. While he is doing this, he puts down his keys and later forgets where he left them. This is an example of

Answer 5

Absentmindedness

Question 6

In absentmindedness, sensory information…

Answer 6

is not stored in your memory

Question 7

What is the Invisible Gorilla study and what did it show?

Answer 7

When viewers were asked to count the number of passes a team made and a Gorilla walked onto the screen; showed how certain things can fall out of your spotlight of attention

Question 8

Two important conclusions of the Invisible Gorilla study

Answer 8

1) We miss a lot of the things that are around us
2) We often do not know how much we are missing

Question 9

Multitasking vs task switching

Answer 9

We can’t do two things at the same time that require our attention, when we think we’re doing that, we’re actually task switching, not multitasking

Question 10

Cost of task switching

Answer 10

(time taken to do both tasks at once) - (time taken to do each task separately)

Question 11

What is the multitasking peers study?

Answer 11

When students were asked to multitask while listening to a lecture, and their performance on a quiz about the lecture was measured

Question 12

What is Bandura’s social learning theory?

Answer 12

You can learn by watching someone else

Question 13

Attention leads to…

Answer 13

retention

Question 14

What is the information processing model?

Answer 14

A model of memory that compares the brain to a computer

Question 15

What is the encoding phase in memory?

Answer 15

Information is acquired and processed into a neural code that the brain can use

Question 16

What is the storage phase in memory?

Answer 16

The retention of encoded information (it can be retained from a moment to a lifetime)

Question 17

What is the retrieval phase of memory?

Answer 17

When stored information is remembered or recalled

Question 18

Why are memories different from a video recording?

Answer 18

Because memories are a reconstruction of information

Question 19

What is the function of memory?

Answer 19

To help us with a task in the present

Question 20

What is the main idea behind the multistore model of memory?

Answer 20

There are different memory stores

Question 21

Sensory input ends up in one of these places

Answer 21

Is forgotten, goes to short-term memory, goes to long-term memory

Question 22

What are two important considerations for memory storage?

Answer 22

Duration and capacity

Question 23

What is the function of sensory memory?

Answer 23

It allows us to enjoy a continuous conscious experience

Question 24

What is George Sperling’s grid experiment?

Answer 24

12 letters quickly flashed on the screen and participants were asked to recall what letters they saw

Question 25

It was believed for a long time that individuals can hold about __ pieces of information at a time

Answer 25

7 plus or minus 2

Question 26

Immediate memory

Answer 26

remembering something important that your prof says while you write it down

Question 27

The control centre of the working memory

Answer 27

Central executive

Question 28

Episodic buffer

Answer 28

Allows you to combine and integrate information in the memory system with information from long-term memory

Question 29

Knowledge about the world and facts that you know, although you may not remember where or when you learned it

Answer 29

Semantic memory

Question 30

Memory of events where you remember being there and what occurred at the time

Answer 30

Episodic memory

Question 31

HSAM

Answer 31

Highly superior autobiographical memory

Question 32

Jill Price’s condition is referred to as

Answer 32

HSAM

Question 33

Priming

Answer 33

Improvement in identifying a stimulus that has been experienced previously

Question 34

You read chapter 9 in the textbook and are asked to fill in the blank: ___ory. You say “memory.” This is an example of

Answer 34

Priming

Question 35

Procedural memory activates

Answer 35

The basal ganglia

Question 36

The medial temporal lobe includes

Answer 36

The hippocampus

Question 37

Function of the medial temporal lobe

Answer 37

Episodic/spatial memory, encoding, consolidation, and retrieval

Question 38

Patient HM’s ___ was removed

Answer 38

Medial temporal lobe

Question 39

Patient HM was unable to ___ but he could __

Answer 39

store new long-term memories; recall long-term memories that were already stored

Question 40

True or false: patient HM was able to complete the mirror-tracing task

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Morris Water Maze

Answer 41

Showed how rats with an intact hippocampus were able to remember where the platform was

Question 42

What is hippocampal replay

Answer 42

Right before you sleep, the hippocampus replays information over at a high speed and helps promote long-term memory storage

Question 43

In Alzheimer’s disease, damage to the brain generally starts in

Answer 43

the hippocampus

Question 44

Who came up with the levels of processing theory?

Answer 44

Craik and Lockhart

Question 45

If you ask people to report the first few words that come to mind when they see the word red, you will get many different answers. This is an example of

Answer 45

the spreading activation model

Question 46

The spreading activation model is what type of theory?

Answer 46

Connectionist theory

Question 47

Schema

Answer 47

Set of expectations about objects and situations