Chapter 9 Memory Flashcards
(22 cards)
1
Q
How are memories created?
A
- memories are created through experiences
- Something changes in our nervous system which then affects future behavior
2
Q
Three Processes of Memory
A
encoding, storage, retrieval
when memories are forgotten it can indicate failure at any of these stages
3
Q
Encoding
A
- Acquisition
- Bringing in sensory information and getting it ready to be stored
- Temporary form - Consolidation
- A process that encodes memories in a form in which they last
4
Q
Storage
A
- maintaining information in memory
5
Q
Retrieval
A
- bringing stored material to mind
- tip of the tongue phenomenon indicates retrieval failure
6
Q
- Modal Model
A
- Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
1. Sensory memory - first type of memory that information goes into
- all of the info from our senses is going to pass through sensory on the way to other types of memory
- least aware that this type of memory exists
- partial repord paradigm
- vast majority is lost
- if we pay attention information ends up in short-term
2. Short-term memory - when we are thinking about information it is being held in short-term
3. Long-term memory
7
Q
Partial Report Paradigm
A
- three rows of letters
- participants are good at reporting one row of letter but can’t report all nine letters
- too much info asked for the period of time info was on the screen
- the fact that you can partial report means all nine letters had to be encoded at some point but are lost after reporting
- you can remember all nine letters for a very brief amount of time temporarily
8
Q
Sensory Memory
A
- echoic and iconic memory
- result of short-lived activity in sensory areas
- neurons continue to fire
even after stimulus goes
away
- neurons continue to fire
- high capacity, but short duration
- 1/2 second or less for iconic
- echoic stays for a little longer
9
Q
Mismatch Field
A
- create ERPs and see how the brain responds to two different sounds
- you get different responses from the brain when its standard vs deviant
- when you get past 9-10 seconds there is no significant difference between them
- when the second sound is heard its gets compared to the first sound which is still in echoic memory
- would mean t hat echoic memory lasts around 9-10 seconds rather than 4-6 seconds
10
Q
Short-Term Memory
A
- 7 +- capacity rule
- describes list and numbers well and now what something looks likes
- chunking - making small units into bigger 4 and 2 into “42” - Duration without rehearsal?
- about 30 seconds, definitely less that a minute
- anything you aren’t actively thinking about but can remember after several minutes is actually in long-term memory - Relationship to working memory
- memory store(s)
- manipulation
- different way of thinking about middle type of memory
- storage + mechanisms
11
Q
Baddeley and Hitch Model of Working Memory
A
- central executive is manipulating information
- hold in working memory in
visual form
- hold in working memory in
- Visuospatial sketch pad (memory store)
- Phonological loop (memory store)
- encode in semantic or
word-based mechanisms
- encode in semantic or
- new phonological information interferes with phonological and not visuospatial
- new visuospatial information interferes with visuospatial and not phonological
12
Q
Broca’s Area
A
- BA44 is Broca’s Area
- important in aspects of language
13
Q
Part of the brain associated with verbal memory and spacial memory
A
- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
14
Q
Fuster’s Delayed Response Task
A
- Joaquin Fuster
- Monkey’s would look at the cross and around it there was a circle of lights
- delay period
- only after delay period does the monkey get a reward
- test for short term memory
- stuck electrodes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- the neuron does not change when the cue is on or in response to the response
- the neuron fires during the delay period
- termed delay cells
- during the delay period all the monkey does is remember where the light was
15
Q
Delay Neurons and Different location of lights in the circle
A
- neurons respond differently based on different locations
- monkey responds to the delay when the light is in the northwest corner
- the job is to encode a particular location
- sometimes the Delay cell would stop responding before the end os the delay period and the monkey would not make the correct response (maybe it got distracted)
- short term memory does not last very long
- if you try to squeeze in too much info the pattern changes and the info is lost
- info interference proneness
- damage to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex causes problems in the working and short term memory
16
Q
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model and Rehearsal
A
- rehearsal moves things from short-term memory to long-term memory
- elaborative rehearsal, connecting it to semantic info, associations; more likely memories will make it into long-term memory
- debates whether memories have to pass through short-term memory to get to long-term memory
- capacity/how long can long-term memory last?
17
Q
Long-term memories
A
- Declarative (explicit)
- any type of memory you can access and declare
- memories we have conscious awareness of
- episodic (events)
- semantic (facts) - Non-declarative (implicit)
- tests for memories by observing behavior not by stating them
- memories we do not have conscious access to
- Procedural/muscle memories
- perceptual representation system
- classical conditioning
- non-associative learning- habituation
- sensitization
18
Q
Declarative Memory
A
- Episodic (events)
- memories for things that happened to us; first-person memories
- validity; feels like a movie in your head; is this accurate? people get things wrong when they are recalled; memories are storing these details but it doesn’t mean they get them 100% right
- things you learn after can affect memories (eyewitness)
- flashbulb memories; vivid, major events, feel more accurate - Semantic (facts)
- memories for facts/definitions; not in the first person perspective
19
Q
Non-Declarative Memory
A
- Procedural/muscle memories
- basal ganglia involved in doing things out of habit
- cerebellum - perceptual representation system
- Classical conditioning
- making an association between a stimulus and a response that wasn’t there to begin with
- brain region depends on type of conditioning - Non-associative leanring
- every animal shows this
- habituation- decrease in response to stimulus over time
- conservation of resources
- stop responding to harmless stimuli
- there can’t be negative consequences
- reflexive
- sensitization - when something is noxious and harmful
- you begin to respond more
- continued pressure on a sore area increases pain
20
Q
Word-Priming Study
A
- animal H _ _ SE
- perceptual priming
- people who lack declarative memory still present priming
21
Q
Classical Conditioning
A
- unconditioned stimulus and response
- Idling condition
- cerebellum
22
Q
Fear Conditioning
A
- pair a sound with an electric shock
- an association is made with the sound and the electric shock
- mice hold perfectly still in the vent of fear; predators have very sensitive eyes to movement
- important for trauma and fear-related disorders
