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ENS > Chapter 9 Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Midterm 2 Flashcards

idk (52 cards)

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1
Q

Case Study

A

Deforestation of the Amazon for beef

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2
Q

What do forests do? (5)

A

sequester carbon, tree roots impede soil erosion/maintain nutrients, water moves vertically from roots and evaporates from leaves: adds moisture to atmosphere, clean air, absorb air pollutants

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3
Q

Forest zones

A

tropical, subtropical, temperate, and boreal (taiga)

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4
Q

tropical

A

Located closest to the equator, warm temperatures, high precipitation, lack of seasonal variation in day length (twelve hours year-round), most diverse!

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5
Q

tropical species/vegetation

A

ferns, mosses, giant tree frogs, jaguars, howler monkeys

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6
Q

subtropical

A

adjacent to tropical, slightly cooler

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7
Q

temperate

A

found between 25 and 50 degrees latitude in each hemisphere, in cooler climates with less precipitation, nutrient-rich soils

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8
Q

temperate species/countries

A

Hardwood oaks, maples, beech, and other deciduous trees, bears, deer, foxes, owls, Japan, North America, Eurasia

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9
Q

boreal

A

found between 50 and 60 northern latitude, colder, less precipitation than temperate, lower light intensity, mining of iron, coal, natural gas

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10
Q

boreal species/where

A

conifer and evergreen forests, distributed in Canada, Alaska, Scandinavia, and Siberia, moose, deer, bears, caribou, wolves, rabbits, birds, and rodents

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11
Q

1/4 of forests are

A

primordial

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12
Q

3/4 of forests are

A

natural reforestation

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13
Q

types of deforestation

A

clear-cutting, selective cutting, slash and burn

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14
Q

clearcutting

A

A form of deforestation; all trees are removed from an area, soil erosion problem afterwards

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15
Q

selective cutting

A

A form of deforestation in which a few trees are removed from an area.

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16
Q

slash/burn

A

Cutting down trees followed by burning, used by subsistence farmers for crops, nutrients wane, cycle continues

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17
Q

Deforestation in other countries (3)

A

cattle ranching/croplands, soybean production, palm oil

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18
Q

Subtropical forests are treated as…

A

a crop

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19
Q

Least disturbed forest

A

boreal

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20
Q

Climate change consequences (4)

A

Cold-tolerant species shift northward
Periods of flood/drought: more forest fires
Release of carbon by warming of boreal forests/peatlands
Spread of destructive insects

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21
Q

acid rain

Study These Flashcards
A

Generated from burning of coal, oil, natural gas
Acidifies soil, leaches soil nutrients, impedes tree growth
More vulnerable to winter freezing

22
Q

Alternative forestation practices to clear cutting

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A

seed-tree cutting, strip cutting, shelter wood cutting

23
Q

seed tree cutting

Study These Flashcards
A

A form of deforestation in which almost all of the trees are removed from an area. The few remaining trees are allowed to reseed the cleared area.

24
Q

Strip cutting

Study These Flashcards
A

A form of deforestation in which trees are harvested in narrow strips.

25
Shelter wood cutting
A type of logging/deforestation targeting dead trees and undesirable trees.
26
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
ensure rate of deforestation does not exceed reforestation / wood is sustainably grown
27
National Forest Management Act:
all national forests assessed for need of restoration/pest infestations
28
Lacey Act of 1900
prohibits trade of illegally acquired wildlife
29
UN-REDD program
offers financial incentives for developing countries to lessen deforestation and carbon emissions
30
Debt-for-Nature Swap
developing countries exchange financial debt for the protection of forests
31
Salvage logging
removal of logs from burned area, reduces development of new seedlings/negative effects on water quality, soil, biodiversity
32
Inga Alley Cropping
South America: planting of crops between rows of Inga trees: fast growing/leguminous (fix nitrogen) Weeds prevented through pruned leaves/leaves act as fertilizer
33
Wangari Maathai
2004 Nobel Peace Prize laureate; env. Activist who started Green Belt Movement and spoke against plastic bags
34
Grasslands make up...
1/4 of land surface
35
Grassland characteristics (4)
Occur on all Earth’s continents except for Antarctica and have nutrient-rich, fertile soils Fairly flat/rolling terrain Supply wheat, rye, barley, millet, oats and other grains, support small subsistence farmers and large commercial farms alike Instrumental in production of meat, milk, leather, and wool
36
Rangelands
A combination of grasses and other plants and shrubs used for grazing.
37
What ecosystem services do grasslands provide? 6
soil generation, watershed protection, protection against soil erosion, maintenance of biodiversity, dispersion of seeds, mitigation of droughts/floods
38
Grasslands mitigate climate change by...
Reservoirs for ⅓ of carbon on land: mitigate climate change
39
Temperate grassland species
bison, badger, coyote
40
Tropical grassland species
gazelles, giraffes, zebras
41
How are grasslands maintained?
Maintained by fire, drought, presence of grazers
42
Anthropogenic threats grasslands face
livestock grazing, desertification, urbanization, fragmentation, invasive species
43
Sustainable grassland practices (4)
Delineation/monitoring of grasslands/rangelands (records) Rotational grazing LLC- landscape conservation cooperatives, other laws, conservation partnerships Prescribed burning- removes dead vegetation/undesirable plants
44
rotational grazing
Subdivision of a pasture and then rotation of livestock sequentially among the subpastures in order to allow grazed vegetation to recover.
45
Wilderness Act
Established the National Wilderness Preservation System.
46
Wilderness Preservation System
Special system designed to set aside federal land and to offer these lands the highest form of federal protection
47
Threats to wilderness areas (8)
Climate change, invasive species, oversuse, mineral exploration, livestock grazing, pollution (POPs travel distances, combustion of coal releases mercury, accumulates, acid rain, light/sound pollution), drones, illegal crops, mining/livestock,
48
sustainable management
Management of wilderness falls to federal government jurisdiction Ex. protect/recover threatened and endangered species, fish stockings, wildlife transplants, access of visitors
49
national parks
Land designations under management of the NPS: national monuments, national preserves, national cemeteries, national memorials
50
problems/challenges facing national parks (8)
Invasive insects, general management of wildlife, control of nonendemic plants and animals, Air pollution, climate change, development, water issues, chronically underfunded
51
Sustainable National Park Management (4)
Establish management plan, determination of the area’s biological diversity and unique land features, flexible plans to solve unforeseen problems, network with managers of other parks who are dealing with their own park problems, Global database of protected areas
52
culling
Killing off of some of a population to reduce the population’s size.

ENS (11 decks)

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