Chapter 9- Minerals

Question 1

What are the roles of water in the body?

Answer 1

Transportation of nutrients and waste products, fluid balance, thermal regulation, chemical reactions, maintaining homeostasis, solvent, clean tissues pf waste products, lubricant for joints, shock absorber, 50-60% of body weight

Question 2

What is osmosis?

Answer 2

Fluid moving across semipermeable membrane/diffusion of water. Molecules go from high concentration to low concentration

Question 3

What is concentration?

Answer 3

Number of molecules per volume

Question 4

What are the functions of calcium?

Answer 4

MAJOR mineral, 99% in bones and teeth, normal bone structure and strength, blood calcium levels, maintain BP, blood clotting, muscle contractions, an electrolyte, nerve transmission, activates enzymes

Question 5

What are the symptoms of calcium deficiency?

Answer 5

Osteoporosis

Question 6

What are the symptoms of calcium toxicity?

Answer 6

constipation, inhibits absorption of other minerals, kidney stones, excess blood calcium levels

Question 7

What are food sources of calcium?

Answer 7

milk, cheddar cheese, dairy, fortified soy milk, spinach, almonds

Question 8

What are the functions of Magnesium?

Answer 8

coenzyme, energy metabolism, metabolism of calcium, vitamin D, Vitamin K, and cells use of energy

Question 9

What are food sources of Magnesium?

Answer 9

Nuts, legumes, whole grain, green vegetables

Question 10

What are the functions of Sodium?

Answer 10

Fluid balance, primary electrolyte outside of the cells, maintaining acid base balance, muscle contractions, nerve transmission, glucose transport

Question 11

What are symptoms of Sodium toxicity?

Answer 11

Increases BP, hypertension (over 2300mg)

Question 12

What are food sources of Sodium?

Answer 12

Processed foods!

Question 13

What are the functions of Potassium?

Answer 13

Primary electrolyte inside of the cell, fluid balance, muscle contractions, nerve transmission, regulate heart rate

Question 14

What are the food sources of potassium?

Answer 14

Fruits and vegetables, beans, milk, whole grains, meat, yogurt

Question 15

What are the functions of Iodine?

Answer 15

Formation of thyroid hormones (BMR, temp regulation, reproduction)

Question 16

What are the symptoms of Iodine deficiency?

Answer 16

Hypothyroidism, Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland), cretinism (mental and physical delays)

Question 17

What are food sources of Iodine?

Answer 17

Milk, Iodized salt, seafood

Question 18

What are the functions of Iron?

Answer 18

Oxygen transport, hemoglobin and myoglobin facilitates oxygen transport, picks up carbon dioxide

Question 19

What are food sources of Iron?

Answer 19

Heme iron:
animal sources
Non-heme:
plant sources, beans

Question 20

Does meat or plant sources allow you to absorb Iron better?

Answer 20

Red meat!

Question 21

How do we output fluid?

Answer 21

Feces, lungs, skin, kidneys

Question 22

What are symptoms of dehydration?

Answer 22

Nausea, thirst, fast HR, increased body temp, dry mouth, headache, dizziness, dark colored urine, decreased physical activity or performance

Question 23

What is hard water?

Answer 23

water with minerals in it

Question 24

What are the risk factors of osteoporosis?

Answer 24

Female, caucasian or asian, age, smoking, alcohol, estrogen, low vitamin D, physically inactive, low calcium, high protein and sodium

Question 25

What is the treatment of osteoporosis?

Answer 25

fortified foods, supplements, medications, no high iron, estrogen replacement therapy

Question 26

What are the two types of iron?

Answer 26

heme and non-heme

Question 27

Which type of iron is better absorbed?

Answer 27

Heme

Question 28

What increases non-heme absorption?

Answer 28

Vitamin C, cast iron skillet, acidic foods, meat, fish, and poultry

Question 29

What decreases non-heme absorption?

Answer 29

Oxalates (dark leafy greens), phytates in grains and legumes, calcium, tanons found in teas

Question 30

Who is at high risk for low iron?

Answer 30

Women and menstruation

Question 31

What does controlled BP prevent?

Answer 31

CVD, strokes, kidney disease, vision problems, sudden death, poor circulation, and decline in brain function

Question 32

What are contributors to hypertension?

Answer 32

Family history, atherosclerosis, excess body fat, inactivity, excess alcohol intake, high sodium intake, smoking, african american, elevated blood lipoproteins

Question 33

What are the top four contributors to hypertension in order?

Answer 33

Excess body fat, inactivity, excess alcohol intake, and high sodium intake

Question 34

What should you know about the DASH diet?

Answer 34

It is high in fruits and vegetables and low in sodium

Question 35

What are the symptoms of Iron deficiency?

Answer 35

Anemia, weak, tired, fatigue, rapid HR, pale, headache, inability to focus, poor appetite, susceptible to infections, pica. In children- poor mental development

Question 36

What are the symptoms of Iron toxicity?

Answer 36

Tissue damage, damage to intestinal lining, changes in PH, shock, liver failure, heart disease

Question 37

What are the functions of Zinc?

Answer 37

Helps enzymes with gene regulation, making heme, protects cells against oxidative damage, and growth!!

Question 38

What are symptoms of Zinc deficiency?

Answer 38

Poor growth

Question 39

What are the symptoms of Zinc toxicity?

Answer 39

Low HDL, interferes with other minerals (iron, copper)

Question 40

What are food sources of Zinc?

Answer 40

Meats, whole grains, yogurt

Question 41

What are the functions of Fluoride?

Answer 41

Stabilizing bones and strength, prevention of dental carries, 95% found in teeth and bones

Question 42

What are the symptoms of Fluoride toxicity?

Answer 42

Mottling (erosion and discoloration of teeth), weak teeth and bones, bone malformations

Question 43

What is the source of Fluoride?

Answer 43

What is put into water supply

Question 44

What are the functions of Selenium?

Answer 44

Antioxidant