Chapter 9- Motivation and Motion Flashcards
Motivation
Initiates, directs, sustains behaviour to satisfy physiological or psychological needs
Motives
Needs or desires that energize, direct behaviour toward a goal. ◦ Can arise from an internal need-such as hunger.
Incentives
External stimulus that motivates behaviour. ◦ We are full but desert looks amazing!
Description of intrinsic motivation
An activity is pursued as an end in itself because it is enjoyable and rewarding
Description of external motivation
An activity is pursued to gain an external reward or to avoid an undesirable consequence.
Instinct
Inborn, unlearned, fixed pattern of behaviour. Characteristic of entire species
Instinct Theory
Behaviour motivated by innate tendencies, instincts.
Shared by all individuals.
Is the Instinct Theory accepted?
It is now rejection because humans are too diverse and often unpredictable
Drive
State of tension/arousal, due to need (hunger/thirst).
◦ Motivates behaviour in order to:
◦ Satisfy need and reduce tension.
Drive-Reduction Theory
◦ Need creates unpleasant state, drive.
◦ Organisms act to satisfy need, reduce tension.
Homeostasis in terms of Drive-reduction theory
Maintain balanced internal state.
Balance body temperature, blood sugar, water, oxygen for survival.
Arousal
State of alertness, mental and physical activation
Arousal Theory
Motivated to maintain optimal level of arousal
Stimulus motives
Increasing Motivation
Curiosity, exploration, play.
◦ Occur when arousal too low-think about what you do when you are waiting for someone.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Performance is best when arousal level appropriate to difficulty of task
Higher arousal for simple tasks.
Moderate arousal for moderate tasks.
Low arousal for difficult tasks.
How is performance affected by arousal?
Performance suffers when arousal level too high or low for task
Sensory deprivation
Sensory stimulation reduced to minimum or eliminated
REST and effects
restrictive environmental stimulation had produced beneficial effects
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
◦Needs arranged in order of urgency.
◦Explain range of human motivation.
◦Lower level motives satisfied before higher ones. ◦Physiological needs lowest.
◦Self-actualization needs highest.
What are the primary the drives?
Hunger and thirst
Drive-reduction theory related to primary drives
Motivation is based largely on primary drives.
Primary drives
States of tension or arousal arising from a biological need.
Not based on learning.
Thirst and hunger
Extracellular thirst
Body tissues lose fluids. Perspiring, bleeding, vomiting.
Intracellular Thirst
Loss of water from inside body cells (eat salty foods)
