Chapter 9 - Motivation, Stress, and Emotion

Question 1

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 1

Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person

Question 2

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 2

Type of motivation in which a person performs an act because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner

Question 3

Instincts

Answer 3

The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both humans and animals

Question 4

Drive

Answer 4

A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension

Question 5

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 5

Approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organisms to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

Question 6

Primary drives

Answer 6

Those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst

Question 7

Acquired (secondary) drives

Answer 7

Those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval.

Question 8

Homeostasis

Answer 8

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

Question 9

Need for affiliation (nAff)

Answer 9

The need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others

Question 10

Need for power (nPow)

Answer 10

The need to have control or influence over others

Question 11

Need for achievement (nAch)

Answer 11

A need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.

Question 12

Stimulus motive

Answer 12

A motive that appears to be unlearned, but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity.

Question 13

Arousal theory

Answer 13

Theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

Question 14

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 14

Law stating that when tasks are simple, a higher level of arousal leads to better performance; when tasks are difficult, lower levels of arousal lead to better performance.

Question 15

Incentives

Answer 15

Things that attract or lure people into action

Question 16

Incentive approaches

Answer 16

Theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties

Question 17

Self-actualization

Answer 17

The point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential

Question 18

Peak experiences

Answer 18

Times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved

Question 19

Self-determination theory (SDT)

Answer 19

Theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action

Question 20

Eustress

Answer 20

The effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being

Question 21

Approach-approach conflict

Answer 21

Conflict occurring when a person must choose between two desirable goals

Question 22

Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

Answer 22

Conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals

Question 23

Approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 23

Conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

Question 24

Problem-focused coping

Answer 24

Coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions

Question 25

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 25

Coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor

Question 26

Insulin

Answer 26

A hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream

Question 27

Glucagon

Answer 27

Hormone that is secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream

Question 28

Leptin

Answer 28

A hormone that when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full.

Question 29

Display rules

Answer 29

Learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings

Question 30

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 30

Theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion

Question 31

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 31

Theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time.

Question 32

Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 32

Theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion.

Question 33

Cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory)

Answer 33

Two things have to happen before emotion occurs: the physical arousal and a labeling of the arousal based on cues from the surrounding environment

Question 34

Cognitive-mediational theory

Answer 34

The most important aspect of any emotional experience is how the person interprets, or appraises, the stimulus that causes the emotional reaction.