Chapter - 8 Development Across Life Span Flashcards
Human development
The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death
Longitudinal design
Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time.
Cross-sectional design
Research design in which several different participant age groups are studied at one particular point in time
Cross-sequential design
Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed longitudinally
Cohort effect
The impact on development occurring when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience
Nature
The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.
Nurture
The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.
Zygote
Cells resulting from the uniting of the ovum and the sperm
Monozygotic twins
Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo.
Dizygotic twins
Fraternal twins, occurring when two individual eggs get fertilized by separate sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.
Bioethics
The study of ethical and moral issues brought about by new advances in biology and medicine.
Germinal period
First two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.
Embryo
Name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization
Embryonic period
The period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop
Critical periods
Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant
Teratogen
Any factor that can cause a birth defect
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
The physical and mental defects caused by consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
Fetal period
The time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby
Schemes
Mental concepts formed through experiences with objects and events
Sensorimotor stage
First stage of cognitive development, in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment
Object permanence
The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
Preoperational stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world
Egocentrism
The inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes
Centration
The tendency of a young child to focus only one one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features