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AN S 214 > Chapter 9 - Muscle System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Muscle System Flashcards

1
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A
  • Involuntary (Autonomic NS)
  • Found on hollow organs
  • Not Striated
  • Found in Intestine, Bladder, and stomach
  • One nuclei 1:1 ratio
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2
Q

What is Skeletal Muscle?

A
  • Voluntary (attached to skeleton)
  • Striated
  • Rapid fatigue
  • Has a lot of power
  • Multinucleated
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3
Q

What is Cardiac Muscle?

A
  • Involuntary (Autonomic)
  • Striated
  • Intercalated Discs
  • Binucleated (2-3)
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4
Q

What are the important functions of muscles?

A
  • Produces movement
  • Maintains posture and body position
  • Stabilizes joints
  • Generates Heat as they contract
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5
Q

What does muscle not provide?

A
  • Protection (bone provides protection not muscle)
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of muscle?

A
  • Responsive
  • Conductivity
  • Contractility
  • Extendibility
  • Elasticity
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7
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A
  • Increase in cell #
  • ends at birth or when hatched
  • (we are born with the same amount of muscle fibers that we have when we get older)
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8
Q

What is Hypertrophy?

A
  • Increase in cell size
  • cells come together to form myotubes that pick up MULTIPLE nuceli along the way
  • Occurs after birth or hatching
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9
Q

What are embryonic mesoderm cells?

A
  • AKA myoblast under go cell division but can also do it in the right enviroment
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10
Q

What is the process of making a myotube?

A
  • Embryonic mesoderm cells called myoblast under go cell division (Hyperplasia)
  • Several myoblasts fuse together to form a myotube
  • Myotube matures into skeletal muscle fiber picking up nuclei
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11
Q

What is Epimysium?

A
  • Surrounds the entire muscle and defines its volume
  • Outer layer of muscle fiber
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12
Q

What is the Perimysium?

A
  • a connective tissue sheath that surrounds individual muscle fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers), and separates them from other fascicles within the skeletal muscle
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13
Q

What are Fasicles?

A
  • A bundle of muscle fibers
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14
Q

What is Endomysium?

A
  • Separates single muscle fibers from one another
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15
Q

What is a Sarcolemma?

A
  • AKA plasma membrane
  • Conducts the electrical current down the muscle fiber
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16
Q

What is the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  • AKA endoplasmic reticulum
  • dedicated to calcium ion (Ca2+) handling, necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation
  • Terminal Cisternae
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17
Q

What is the Terminal Cisternae?

A
  • Part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • this is where calcium is stored and is released when the action potential travels down the muscle
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18
Q

What is the Transverse Tubule?

A
  • Connection point between sarcolemma and the interior portion of muscle fiber
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19
Q

What is the triad?

A
  • 2 terminal cisternae
  • 1 Transverse tubule
20
Q

What is Glycoside?

A
  • Filled with glycogen (stored glucose)
21
Q

What are myofilaments?

A
  • Contractile proteins
  • Contain Actin and Mysoin
22
Q

What is Actin?

A
  • Thin myofilament
  • Contains 2 regulatory proteins that try to keep myosin from binding
23
Q

What is Myosin?

A
  • Thick myofilament
  • Has myosin head that tries to connect to Actin
24
Q

What makes up the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Actin and Myosin
25
Q

What is the Sarcoplasm?

A
  • Cytoplasm
26
Q
  • What are Myofibrils?
A
  • Contractile Units composed of myofilament
27
Q

What is a sacromere?

A

-Functional unit of muscle fiber (Skeletal Muscle)

28
Q

What do the several mitochondria in the muscle fiber do?

A
  • Creates ATP by using the glucose
29
Q

What is a muscle twitch?

A
  • Response of a muscle to a single brief threshold stimulus
  • Single Contraction
  • Graded response
30
Q

What are the three phases of a twitch?

A
  • Latent Period
  • Period of Contraction
  • Period of Relaxation
31
Q

What is the Latent Period?

A
  • Muscle recevies message from the neuron to start the contraction
  • AKA excitation-contraction coupling
32
Q

What is the period of contraction?

A
  • Cross bridge forms
  • Increase in tension of the muscle
33
Q

What is the period of relaxation?

A
  • Decrease in tension
  • Up take of calcium in sarcoplasmic reticulum
34
Q

What is a motor unit?

A
  • Neuron that connects with multiple muscle fibers
  • 1 neuron can activate MULTIPLE muscle fibers
  • More motor units, more strength, more muscle fibers
35
Q

What causes graded muscle responses?

A
  • Increase in Frequency of the stimulation OR
  • Increase in motor units that are stimulated
36
Q

What is an unfused (incomplete) tetanus?

A
  • another stimulus is applied before the muscle relaxes causing more tension resulting in unfused tetanus
37
Q

What is a fused (complete) tetanus?

A
  • Higher stimulus frequencies resulting in no relaxation at all between the stimuli
38
Q

What is the maximal stimulus?

A
  • stimulus strength that it cannot go over no matter how many motor neurons are activated;;;;;
39
Q

What are the steps for a skeletal muscle contraction?

A
  • Action Potential travels down the Axon terminal activating Ca2+ channels letting in Ca2+ into the Axon terminal
  • Ca2+ enters and interacts with cytoskeletal proteins causing a shift
  • When the cytoskeletal proteins shift, this creates a Ach neurotransmitter filled vesicle that binds with plasma membrane
  • Vesicle goes through ecocytosis, neurotransmitter moves into synaptic cleft causing a graded potential
  • Ach binds to ligan-gated Na+/K+ channels bringing Na+ in and K+ out
  • As membrane potential moves towards 0 this creates an action potential (depolarization)
  • Action potential leaves the synpatic cleft region generation AP up the sacromere
  • AP travels down sacromere to t-tubules generating an AP and causing Ca2+ channels to activate
  • Terminal Cisternae release Ca2+ out into sarcoplasma
40
Q

When does the latent period stop and period of contraction begin?

A
  • Latent period ends when Terminal cisternae releases Ca2+ into the sarcoplasma
  • This is where period of contraction begins
41
Q

What are the two regulatory proteins found on actin?

A
  • Tropomyosin
  • Troponin
42
Q

What does Tropomyosin do?

A
  • Long regulatory protein that blocks the binding site for myosin on Actin
  • Long thread
43
Q

What does troponin do?

A
  • Ca2+ binds to troponin and moves tropomyosin away from myosin
  • If Ca2+ doesnt bind then myosin head will bind to actin
44
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A
  • a muscle fiber contracts when myosin filaments pull actin filaments closer together and thus shorten sarcomeres within a fiber
45
Q

What is the steps of the cross-bridge cycle?

A
  • Cross-bridge formation
    -* Myosin head binds to Actin (tropomyosin moves allowing this)
  • The power stroke
    *ADP and Pi are removed from the myosin head, making the myosin pull on the actin
  • Cross bridge detachment
    • ATP binds to myosin head, causing myosin and actin to detach
  • Cocking of myosin head
    • Myosin head undergoes ATP hydrolysis (removal of one phosphate group)
  • This returns/ resets the myosin head until this happens again
46
Q

What is the steps of the period of relaxation?

A
  • Nerve stimulation ceases, removing Ach
  • There is active transport of Ca2+ back to the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Tropomyosin moves back over binding sites on Actin
  • Returns to resting state

AN S 214 (6 decks)

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