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S4: Radiographic Imaging > Chapter 9 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ is any form of radiation that possesses energy capable of displacing atomic electron bonds and breaking the electron bonds that hold the molecules of matter together

A

ionizing radiation

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2
Q

ionizing radiation comes from two major sources

A

natural background radiation and human-made radiation

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3
Q

biological effects of radiation exposure are either

A

somatic or genetic

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4
Q

somatic effects

A

occur in individual exposed

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4
Q

genetic effects

A

occur in descendants of individual exposed

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5
Q

important radiation quantities and units

A

exposure, absorbed dose, and equivalent dose

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6
Q

SI unit of exposure

A

coulomb per kilogram (C/kg)

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7
Q

SI unit of absorbed dose

A

gray (Gy)

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8
Q

SI unit of equivalent dose

A

sievert (Sv)

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9
Q

traditional unit of exposure

A

roentgen (R)

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10
Q

traditional unit of absorbed dose

A

rad

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11
Q

traditional unit of equivalent dose

A

rem

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12
Q

portable field survey instruments include

A

Geiger-Mueller (GM) survey instruments, scintillation detection devices, and ionization chamber instruments

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13
Q

personnel monitoring devices include

A

optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter, film badge dosimeter, thermoluminescent dosimeter, and pocket dosimeters

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14
Q

radiographer’s responsibilities

A

minimize dose, protect patients and others from unnecessary exposure, and optimize image quality

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15
Q

alpha particles are composed of

A

two protons and two neutrons

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16
Q

alpha particles can travel _____

A

5 cm in air

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17
Q

beta particles are composed of

A

electrons from decaying radioactive material

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18
Q

beta particles can travel _____

A

10-100 cm in air

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19
Q

_____ particles are more penetrating in tissue than _____ particles

A

beta; alpha

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20
Q

most biological damage is due to _____ interactions

A

indirect

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21
Q

somatic effects are

A

evident in individual

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22
Q

examples of somatic effects

A

cataracts, erythema, cancer formation

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23
Q

genetic effects are

A

evident in offspring of individual

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24
the NCRP established
an international standard for dose measurement and exposure
25
natural sources of ionizing radiation
cosmic radiation, terrestrial radiation, radionuclides naturally present internally and externally
26
man-made sources of ionizing radiation
x-rays, radiopharmaceuticals, consumer products, air travel, nuclear fuel production, fallout
27
NCRP lists five major areas of radiation exposure in US
ubiquitous background; medical procedures; consumer products; industrial, medical education, and security activities; occupational exposure
28
medical imaging modalities contributing to medical exposure
CT, radiography and fluoroscopy, interventional fluoroscopy, NM, radiotherapy
29
exposure
number of ionizations in given quantity of air
30
units of exposure
1 R = 2.58 x 10 (to the negative fourth power) C/kg
31
absorbed dose
measures amount of energy absorbed
32
absorbed dose units
1 Gy = 100 rad
33
kerma
kinetic energy released in matter
34
unit for kerma
Gy (Gray)
35
air kerma
kinetic energy released per unit mass of air
36
air kerma is used to describe
tube output; input to IRs
37
unit of air kerma
1 cGy = 1 rad (equivalent to 1 R of exposure)
38
integral dose
total amount of energy deposited in matter
39
equivalent dose
product of absorbed dose and radiation weighting
40
radiation weighting
different types of ionizing radiation produce different biological responses
41
units for equivalent dose
1 Sv = 100 rem
42
rem stands for
roentgen equivalent mane
43
effective dose (E)
sum of equivalent dose of specific tissues; accounts for various tissue sensitivities to irradiation
44
activity (A)
describes quantity of radioactive material
45
activity is expressed as
number of radioactive atoms to decay per unit of time
46
unit of activity
curie (Ci) (3.7 x 10 (to the 10th power) disintegrations/sec) becquerel (Bq) (1 disintegratgion/sec)
47
Geiger-Mueller survey instruments
gas-filled detector; volume of gas between two electrodes
48
GM counters are used to
demonstrate presence of radiation
49
GM counters are most effective with
particulate radiation
50
GM counters are least effective in detecting
x-ray or gamma radiation
51
scintillation detection devices
scintillators emit light when stimulated by ionizing radiation; light converted to electric signal
52
scintillation detection devices are commonly used in
NM and CT
53
ionization chamber instruments are used to evaluate
equipment performance, leakage radiation, and patient exposure
54
personnel monitoring devices are provided to workers who accumulate _____ of recommended dose limit
1/10
55
OSL
optically stimulated luminescence
56
TLD
thermoluminescent dosimeter
57
most common type of personnel monitor
OSL
58
OSL contents
thin layer of aluminum oxide
59
OSL function
laser light processing of aluminum dioxide causes luminescence; level of luminescence proportional to amount of exposure received
60
OSL are issued
on monthly or quarterly basis
61
OSLs are sensitive to
1 millirem (mrem)
62
film badge dosimeter contents
two pieces of film in light tight packet
63
film badge dosimeter is sensitive to
10 mrem
64
film badge dosimeters are environmentally sensitive to
heat, humidity, pressure, prolonged exposure to light
65
TLD contents
lithium fluoride crystals
66
lithium fluoride crystals will
store energy when exposed to ionizing radiation; released stored energy when heated as visible light; amount of light released proportional to amount of exposure
67
TLD sensitivity
10 mrem
68
TLDs are environmentally sensitive similar to
film badges
69
electronic personal dosimeter
ionization of air in small chamber

S4: Radiographic Imaging (31 decks)

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