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BIO 100 > Chapter 9 Pt. 1 - Mitosis > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Pt. 1 - Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

To replace normal wear, tear, and senescence.

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2
Q

What are some stem cell sources?

A

In embryos and some adults. In Vitro fertilization from human embryonic stem cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells.

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3
Q

What are induced pluripotent stem cells?

A

Specialized adult cells that can be reprogrammed to another function.

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4
Q

What are permanently differentiated cells?

A

Cells such as liver and brain cells that do not divide to repair.

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5
Q

What is the rule of dividing cells?

A

Cells will only divide into more cells like them. Liver cells will only divide into more liver cells.

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6
Q

What is the Prokaryotic Cell Cycle?

A

Chromosome attaches to cell membrane.
DNA in a singular, circular membrane replicates.
Two chromosomes separate and move a part.
New membrane added.
Cleavage in between.
Two new daughter cells.

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7
Q

What is the Chromosome Organization in Eukaryotic Cells?

A

Folded, spiraled, and compacted to fit within a nucleus.

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8
Q

What is a Gene?

A

Lengths of DNA that code for a trait.

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9
Q

What is a Locus?

A

The geographical location on the chromosome of a gene.

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10
Q

What is a Telomere?

A

The “end” signal for a chromosome; located at each end.

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11
Q

What is a Centromere?

A

Chromosome movement; located in the center.

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12
Q

What is a Duplicated Chromosome?

A

Chromosome DNA is replicated (copied).

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13
Q

What are Sister Chromatids?

A

Two identical DNA helices attached at the centromeres.

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14
Q

What are Homologues?

A

Chromosomes that contain the same genes (not necessarily the exact DNA)

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15
Q

How many Homologue pairs do humans have?

A

23 = 46 Chromosomes

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16
Q

What is a Diploid?

A

Somatic cells that have pairs of homologous chromosomes. (2n)

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17
Q

What are the two sex chromosome pairings in humans?

A

XX for female. XY for male.

18
Q

What is a Haploid?

A

Half or only one type of each chromosome. (1n)

19
Q

Where are some Haploids located?

A

Gametes (sperm and egg) have 1 copy of each pair of chromosomes.

20
Q

When does fertilization take place?

A

When 1n + 1n = 2n (Haploids become Diploids)

21
Q

What is the set up of human chromosomes?

A

One gamete each of 22 chromosomes. Either an X or Y chromosome.

22
Q

What is the process of cell division in Eukaryotic Cells?

A

Mitosis.

23
Q

What is the first stage of Mitosis?

A

Interphase

24
Q

What is the Interphase of Mitosis?

A

Acquires nutrients, grows and differentiates, prepares for division.

25
Q

What is the second phase of Mitosis?

A

Prophase

26
Q

What is included in Interphase?

A

Growth and Differentiation, Growth and Division Prep, and DNA Synthesis.

27
Q

What is the Prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense and a spindle forms. The nucleolus disappears and nuclear membrane dissolves. Kinetochore holds the chromosomes to the spindle.

28
Q

What is the third phase of Mitosis?

A

Metaphase

29
Q

What is the Kinetochore?

A

What holds the chromosomes to the spindle.

30
Q

What is the Metaphase?

A

Kinetochores line up on equator.
Nuclear Membrane still dissolved.

31
Q

What is the Anaphase?

A

Sister Chromatids separate and move to poles.

32
Q

What is the Telophase?

A

Chromosomes decondense.
Nuclear envelope starts to re-form.
Spindle disappears.

33
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

Microfilaments contracts. Each “daughter” cell has 1 nucleus and half of the cytoplasm. Back to Interphase.

34
Q

What is the purpose of Mitosis?

A

Make more cells for several different reasons.

35
Q

Where does Mitosis occur?

A

Everything but in gamete-producing organs.

36
Q

How many Chromosomes are in humans?

A

23 Homologous pairs; 46 total chromosomes.
23 from Mom; 23 from Dad.

37
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

To reduce the genetic complement in half to ensure restoration of the correct number of chromosomes upon union of two sex cells.

38
Q

How many chromosomes are in a sperm or egg?

A

23

39
Q

What is the third phase of Mitosis?

A

Metaphase

40
Q

What is the fourth phase of Mitosis?

A

Anaphase

41
Q

What is the fifth phase of Mitosis?

A

Telophase

42
Q

What is the final phase of Mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis

BIO 100 (14 decks)

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