chapter 9 rocks

Question 1

what are all rocks made out of

Answer 1

minerals

Question 2

what is the outer layer of the earth called

Answer 2

lithosphere

Question 3

a very hot mixture of molten rock and gases, just below the Earth’s surface, that has come from the mantle

Answer 3

magma

Question 4

material broken down by weathering and erosion that is moved by wind or water and collects in layers

Answer 4

sidements

Question 5

elements found uncombined in the Earth’s crust

Answer 5

native elements

Question 6

geometrically-shaped substance made up of atoms and molecules arranged in one of seven different shapes. The elements that make up a crystal and the conditions present during the crystal’s growth determine the arrangement of atoms and molecules and the shape of the crystals.

Answer 6

crystals

Question 7

appearance of a mineral caused by the way it reflects light. A mineral can appear glassy, waxy, metallic, dull, pearly, silky or brilliant.

Answer 7

lustre

Question 8

colour of a mineral as a fine powder, found by rubbing it onto an unglazed white ceramic tile

Answer 8

streak

Question 9

a measure of how difficult it is to scratch the surface of a solid material. The hardness rating of a mineral is determined by comparison with ten standard minerals. Diamond has a hardness rating of 10 and can scratch other minerals with a lower hardness rating.

Answer 9

hardness

Question 10

the process that changes rocks by extreme pressure or heat (or both)

Answer 10

metamorphism

Question 11

rock formed from another rock that has been under great heat or pressure (or both)

Answer 11

metamorphic rocks

Question 12

a fine-grained metamorphic rock formed as a result of moderate heat and pressure on shale

Answer 12

slate

Question 13

a metamorphic rock formed as a result of great pressure on limestone

Answer 13

marble

Question 14

a coarse-grained metamorphic rock formed mainly as a result of great pressure on granite

Answer 14

gneiss

Question 15

rocks formed from sediments deposited by water, wind or ice. The sediments are cemented together in layers, under pressure.

Answer 15

sedimentary rocks

Question 16

the wearing away and removal of soil and rock by natural elements, such as wind, waves, rivers and ice, and by human activity

Answer 16

erosion

Question 17

flat, open land beside a river where sediments are deposited during floods

Answer 17

floodplains

Question 18

large bodies of ice that move down slopes and push boulders, rocks and gravel in front of them

Answer 18

glaciers

Question 19

deposit left by movement of a glacier

Answer 19

moraines

Question 20

a fine-grained sedimentary rock formed in layers by the consolidation of clay

Answer 20

shale

Question 21

a sedimentary rock with medium-sized grains. The sand grains are cemented together by silica, lime or other salts.

Answer 21

sandstone

Question 22

a fine-grained, sedimentary rock without layering

Answer 22

mudstone

Question 23

a sedimentary rock with a particle size between that of sandstone and mudstone

Answer 23

siltstone

Question 24

sedimentary rock containing large particles of various sizes cemented together

Answer 24

conglomerate

Question 25

a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of sea organisms. It consists mainly of calcium carbonate.

Answer 25

limestone

Question 26

a sedimentary rock formed from dead plants and animals that were buried before rotting completely

Answer 26

coal

Question 27

a sedimentary deposit formed when a salt lake or seabed dried up. Its main chemical is sodium chloride.

Answer 27

rock salt

Question 28

rocks that form from the cooling of lava or magma as it is thrown through the air from a volcanic eruption

Answer 28

igneous rocks

Question 29

igneous rock that forms when lava cools above the Earth’s surface

Answer 29

extrusive rocks

Question 30

a pale rock that forms when frothy lava cools in the air.

Answer 30

pumice

Question 31

a dark, igneous rock formed from gassy lava that cools quickly

Answer 31

scoria

Question 32

a property of a material or substance that easily scratches another

Answer 32

abrasive

Question 33

a dark, igneous rock with small crystals formed by fast cooling of hot lava. It sometimes has holes that once contained volcanic gases.basalt

Answer 33

basalta

Question 34

rocks mined to obtain a metal or other chemical within them

Answer 34

mineral ores

Question 35

extraction of natural resources from the Earth

Answer 35

mining

Question 36

study of the possible effects of a planned project on the environment

Answer 36

environmental impact statement (EIS)

Question 37

estored to its previous condition

Answer 37

rehabilitated

Question 38

the time beginning about two million years ago during which early humans made implements of stone

Answer 38

Stone Age

Question 39

a mixture of a metal with a non-metal or another metal

Answer 39

alloy

Question 40

a fine-grained sedimentary rock which leaves a very sharp edge when broken

Answer 40

flint

Question 41

any remains, impression, or trace of an animal or plant of a former geological age; evidence of life in the past

Answer 41

fossil

Question 42

the buckling of rocks. It is caused when rocks are under pressure from both sides.

Answer 42

folding

Question 43

a scientist who studies fossils

Answer 43

palaeontologist

Question 44

the age of a rock compared with the age of another rock

Answer 44

relative age

Question 45

animal that eats other animals

Answer 45

carnivores

Question 46

animals that eat dead plant and animal material

Answer 46

scavengers

Question 47

cavity in a rock that shows the shape of the hard parts of an organism; types of fungi found growing on the surface of foods

Answer 47

mould

Question 48

fossils that provide evidence, such as footprints, that an organism was present when the rock was formed

Answer 48

trace fossils

Question 49

describes volcanoes that are no longer active.

Answer 49

extinct