Chapter 9: Water and The Minerals

Question 1

Functions of water:

Answer 1

• carries nutrients and waste
• solvent for minerals, vitamins, AA, etc
• helps form structures
• lubricates and cushions joints
• shock absorber for eyes, spinal cord, fetus
• temp regulation
• maintains blood volume
• participates in metabolic reactions

Question 2

Water is __% of your body weight.

Answer 2

60%

Question 3

Children with greater muscle mass have more or less water in their body?

Answer 3

more

Question 4

For 2000 kcal, you need ___ to ___ ml of water. (8-12 cups)

Answer 4

2000-3000

Question 5

What are 2 things that are diuretic?

Answer 5

alcohol and caffeine

Question 6

Body must excrete ___ ml each day as urine.

Answer 6

500

Question 7

Why must your body excrete urine every day?

Answer 7

-to get rid of metabolic waste

Question 8

What other 3 things carry away water?

Answer 8

lungs, feces, and skin

Question 9

Assessment of hydration:

Answer 9

• skin turgor
• orthostatic blood pressure
• urine output
• moistness of mucous membranes
• mental status

Question 10

__ and __ regulate minerals.

Answer 10

• GI tract

- kidneys

Question 11

Fluid balances: What are the 3 electrolytes

Answer 11

Sodium chloride potassium

Question 12

What can cause sodium, chloride, or potassium imbalances?

Answer 12

vomiting, diarrhea, burns, heavy sweating, and bleeding

Question 13

___ minerals are not easily destroyed.

Answer 13

inorganic

Question 14

Principle cation of of extracellular fluid

Answer 14

Sodium

Question 15

High blood sodium triggers __-

Answer 15

thirst

Question 16

this diet emphasizes potassium-rich fruits and vegetables, and fat free or low fat milk products; included whole grains, nuts poultry and fish

Answer 16

DASH DIET

Question 17

Sodium deficiency:

Answer 17

• muscle cramping, cardiac changes

- salt tablets not usually needed

Question 18

The __ regulate the amount of sodium in the blood.

Answer 18

Kidneys

Question 19

Major anion in extracellular fluid:

Answer 19

chloride

Question 20

Vomiting causes loss of ___, which may upset acid-base balance

Answer 20

chloride

Question 21

Primary cation inside cell

Answer 21

Potassium

Question 22

Involved in nerve transmission and muscle contraction

Answer 22

potassium

Question 23

Good sources of potassium:

Answer 23

fruits, vegs, milk, meats

Question 24

Symptoms of potassium deficiency:

Answer 24

weakness, irregular heartbeat, muscle cramps

Question 25

Potassium injection can stop ___

Answer 25

the heart

Question 26

Most abundant mineral in body:

Answer 26

Calcium

Question 27

99% of this is found in bones and teeth

Answer 27

Calcium

Question 28

What electrolyte regulates muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve transmission, and maintains normal BP.

Answer 28

Calcium

Question 29

Calcium balance is controlled at 3 sites:

Answer 29

bones, kidney, intestines

Question 30

Dietary deficiency does not change __ calcium. It reduces bone calcium.

Answer 30

blood

Question 31

About __% is absorbed.

Answer 31

30%

Question 32

WHO recommends ___ of calcium per day.

Answer 32

400-500mg

Question 33

___ mg/day of calcium for adolescents.

Answer 33

1300

Question 34

___ mg/day of calcium for ages 19-50.

Answer 34

1000

Question 35

___ mg/day of calcium for later in life.

Answer 35

1200

Question 36

Good sources of calcium:

Answer 36

sardines, milk, TOFU, cheddar cheese, turnip greens, waffle, BOK CHOY.

Question 37

Bone loss accelerates for __ years after menopause.

Answer 37

6-8

Question 38

Elderly may rapidly lose bone. True or False.

Answer 38

true

Question 39

2nd most abundant mineral

Answer 39

Phosphorus

Question 40

85% of phosphorus is bound with calcium in ___

Answer 40

bone

Question 41

___ also functions as a buffer.

Answer 41

phosphorus

Question 42

What are good sources of phosphorus:

Answer 42

milk and meats

Question 43

Over 50% of this mineral is in bone.

Answer 43

Magnesium

Question 44

__ is a catalyst for many enzyme reactions, nerve/muscle function

Answer 44

Magnesium

Question 45

Sources of Magnesium:

Answer 45

fruits, vegs, whole grains, hard water, legumes, notes, sets, tofu

Question 46

Magnesium deficiency:

Answer 46

weakness, dysrhythmias, convulsions

Question 47

__ minerals are needed in very small amounts

Answer 47

trace

Question 48

__ minerals are toxic at relatively low levels.

Answer 48

Trace

Question 49

___ is found mostly in hemoglobin (RBC) and Myoglobin (muscle)

Answer 49

Iron

Question 50

You maintain iron balance via ___

Answer 50

absorption

Question 51

Generally __ to __% of iron is absorbed.

Answer 51

10-15%

Question 52

RBC's live for about ___.

Answer 52

3 months

Question 53

Caused by excessive blood loss or inadequate intake of iron

Answer 53

iron deficiency

Question 54

Signs of iron deficiency?

Answer 54

fatigue and low motivation

Question 55

iron overload

Answer 55

hemochromatosis

Question 56

Hemochromatosis is seen in ___

Answer 56

alcoholics

Question 57

Hemochromatosis symptoms:

Answer 57

liver enlargement, joint disease, skin pigmentation, loss of hair, impotence, amenorrhea

Question 58

What gender needs the most iron?

Answer 58

Women

Question 59

Good sources of iron:

Answer 59

meats, legumes, enriched grains, egg, green vegs, dried fruits

Question 60

This if found most in the bones, eyes, and prostate

Answer 60

zinc

Question 61

Functions of zinc:

Answer 61

- in immunity and wound healing - growth and development - blood clotting - thyroid hormone - to active vitamin A in visual pigment - to make sperm - taste perception

Question 62

Zinc deficiency symptoms:

Answer 62

-severe growth retardation, diarrhea, poor immune response, altered taste, anorexia

Question 63

Deficiency in iodine causes

Answer 63

Goiter

Question 64

This mineral is in soil and water

Answer 64

Fluoride

Question 65

__ prevents dental caries and high levels causes fluorosis

Answer 65

Fluoride

Question 66

This along with a reduced sodium intake is more effective at lowering blood pressure.

Answer 66

DASH diet