Chapter 9_1 flashcards
(43 cards)
Inflammation: Definition
A protective, coordinated response of the body to an injurious agent, involving many cell types and inflammatory mediators to initiate, modulate, amplify, and terminate the response. [Text]
Major Aims of Inflammation
To wall off the area of injury, prevent spread of the injurious agent, and bring the body’s defenses to the region under attack. [Text]
Acute Inflammation vs. Chronic Inflammation: General Definitions
Acute Inflammation: Occurs rapidly in reaction to cell injury, rids the body of the offending agent, enhances healing, and terminates after a short period (hours or a few days). [Text]
Chronic Inflammation: Occurs when the inflammatory reaction persists, inhibits healing, and causes continual cellular damage and organ dysfunction. [Text]
Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation (External)
Rubor (redness), Tumor (swelling), Calor (heat), Dolor (pain), and Loss of function (functio laesa). [Text]
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Involved in Inflammation (List)
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes (which mature into macrophages). [Text]
Leukocytosis: Definition in Inflammation
An increased number of leukocytes (WBCs) released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream during the cellular phase of inflammation; WBC count commonly increases from a normal baseline of 4,000-10,000 cells/mL to 15,000-20,000 cells/mL. [Text]
WBC Differential: General Purpose in Inflammation
A laboratory test that measures the total number of WBCs and calculates the percentages of specific types of WBCs. It can be used to indicate the etiology of inflammation (e.g., bacterial vs. viral). [Text]
Acute Phase Proteins: General Concept & Examples
Proteins released by the liver, stimulated by cytokines during inflammation. Examples: C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, hepcidin. They facilitate WBC phagocytosis and assist in analyzing the inflammation process. [Text]
Systemic Reactions to Inflammation (General List)
Fever, pain, lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), anorexia, sleepiness, lethargy, anemia, and weight loss. [Text]
Wound Healing: Primary Intention (General Definition)
The least complicated type of wound repair where edges are clearly demarcated, cleanly lacerated, easily brought together, and there is no missing tissue (e.g., surgical wound). Heals with minimal scarring. [Text]
Wound Healing: Secondary Intention (General Definition)
Repair process for wounds with extensive tissue loss where regeneration of the same cells is not possible. Requires abundant granulation and fibrous tissue, involves wound contraction, and results in substantial scar formation. [Text]
Wound Healing: Tertiary Intention (General Definition)
Healing process for a wound missing a large amount of deep tissue and is contaminated. The wound is cleaned, left open for 4-5 days (may require packing/drainage), then closed. Results in prominent scarring and commonly requires a skin graft. [Text]
Major Factors Affecting Wound Healing (General Overview - Box 9-2)
Nutrition (especially protein), Oxygenation, Circulation, Immune strength (affected by diabetes, corticosteroids, cancer, HIV, aging), Contamination/Foreign bodies, Mechanical factors (pressure, torsion, fat tissue), Age. [Text]
Complications of Wound Healing (General List - Key Terms & Box 9-3)
Keloid, Contractures, Dehiscence, Evisceration, Stricture, Fistula, Adhesions. [Text]
Key Term: Chemotaxis
The chemical signal from microbial agents, endothelial cells, and WBCs that attracts platelets and other WBCs to the site of injury during the cellular phase of inflammation. [Text]
Key Term: Phagocytosis
The process where leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages) recognize, attach to, engulf, and then degrade or kill foreign matter or cellular debris. [Text]
Key Term: Angiogenesis
The formation of new blood vessels, created by vascular endothelial cells, often during the proliferation phase of wound healing. [Text]
Key Term: Granuloma
An area where macrophages have aggregated and are transformed into epithelial-like or epithelioid cells, often surrounded by lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and connective tissue. Characteristic of chronic inflammation (e.g., TB). [Text]
Key Term: Histamine
An inflammatory mediator released from basophils, platelets, and mast cells; causes arteriolar vasodilation, large artery vasoconstriction, and increased permeability of venules. [Text, cite: 2, 49]
Key Term: Interleukins (ILs)
A type of cytokine (inflammatory mediator) produced mainly by macrophages; can induce fever, stimulate platelet production, cause fatigue, anemia, and headache. [Text, Table 9-1, cite: 2, 49]
Key Term: Prostaglandins (PGs)
Inflammatory mediators released from WBCs and other cell membranes; involved in processes like pain, fever, vasodilation, muscle spasm, and also protective functions like gastric mucus production. [Text, Table 9-1, cite: 2, 49]
Key Term: Cytokines (General)
Inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNF-alpha, interleukins) released by WBCs that modulate the inflammatory reaction (amplify or deactivate) and cause localized and systemic effects. [Text, cite: 2, 49]
Key Term: Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Alpha
A major cytokine produced by macrophages in inflammation; effects include fever, lack of appetite, cachexia, hypotension, and can promote WBC release. [Text, Table 9-1, cite: 2, 49]
Key Term: Abscess
A localized, walled-off collection of purulent exudate (pus) within tissue. [Text]
