Chapter Eight

Question 1

logical interpretations and conclusions about a piece of information that go past what is given

Answer 1

inference

Question 2

a set of objects that belong together

Answer 2

category

Question 3

mental representations of a category

Answer 3

concept

Question 4

our knowledge often depends on the context that surrounds us

Answer 4

situated cognition approach

Question 5

describe a prototype

Answer 5

the item that is the best, most typical, example of a category
-your idealized version of a category

Question 6

approach where a particular item belongs to a category by comparing it to an idealized version

Answer 6

prototype approach

Question 7

the degree to which an item is representative of its category

Answer 7

prototypicality

Question 8

describe graded structure

Answer 8

a category can be arranged by beginning with the most prototypical members and continuing to the least prototypical

Question 9

people respond faster to an item if it was preceded by an item with similar meaning

Answer 9

semantic priming effect

Question 10

people tend to judge prototypes faster than non-prototypes

Answer 10

typicality effect

Question 11

no single attribute is shared by all examples of a concept, though each example has at least one attribute in common with the other examples in the concept

Answer 11

family resemblance

Question 12

describe superordinate, basic, and subordinate-level categories

Answer 12

superordinate- more general categories
basic- moderately specific
subordinate- more specific categories

examples:
furniture, chair, desk chair
animal, dog, golden retriever
tool, screwdriver, Phillips screwdriver

Question 13

approach where semantic memory is a netlike organization of concepts with many interconnections

Answer 13

network models

Question 14

in the network model of semantic memory, each concept is represented by a ____

Answer 14

node

Question 15

in the network model of semantic memory, when one concept is activated this spreads to the other concepts connected to that one

Answer 15

spreading activation

Question 16

what is ACT-R?

Answer 16

a type of network model by John Anderson

(adaptive control of thought-rational)

Question 17

knowledge about facts and things, easy to explain out loud

Answer 17

declarative knowledge

Question 18

a pattern of interconnected propositions

Answer 18

propositional network

Question 19

the smallest unit of knowledge people can judge to be true or false

Answer 19

proposition

Question 20

cognitive processes can be represented by a model similar to the brain

Answer 20

parallel distributed processing

Question 21

using individual cases to draw inferences about general information

Answer 21

spontaneous generation

Question 22

we can fill in missing information about a person or object based on people or objects similar to them

Answer 22

default assignment

Question 23

these determine how much activation one unit can pass to another

Answer 23

connection weights

Question 24

the brain’s ability to provide partial information

Answer 24

graceful degredation

Question 25

when you know the information you are seeking, but you cannot retrieve it

Answer 25

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 26

generalized, well integrated knowledge about a situation, event, or a person

Answer 26

schema

Question 27

therapy where the client's core beliefs are examined to create more helpful strategies

Answer 27

schema therapy (woman says her boss gave her praise but she didn't deserve it, you would try to change her view on that)

Question 28

a well-structured series of events you are familiar with

Answer 28

script

Question 29

a list of events a person believes will happen throughout their life

Answer 29

life script

Question 30

our tendency to think we remember a greater view of a scene than we actually did

Answer 30

boundary extension

Question 31

word-for-word recall

Answer 31

verbatim memory

Question 32

when a person "remembers" an event that did not actually occur

Answer 32

false memory

Question 33

people integrate information from individual sentences in order to construct larger ideas

Answer 33

constructive model of memory

Question 34

people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals

Answer 34

pragmatic view of memory

Question 35

we take in new information in a schema-consistent fashion

Answer 35

memory integration

Question 36

people can mentally pair two related words together much more easily than they can pair two unrelated words

Answer 36

implicit association test (IAT)

Question 37

a general rule or problem-solving strategy that usually produces the correct answer but can also lead to cognitive errors

Answer 37

heuristic