Chapter Eleven

Question 1

we use _____ _____ when we want to reach a specific goal

Answer 1

problem solving

Question 2

describes the situation at the beginning of the problem

Answer 2

initial state

Question 3

the state you reach when you solve a problem

Answer 3

goal state

Question 4

describes the restrictions that make it difficult to proceed from the initial state to the goal state

Answer 4

obstacles

Question 5

requires you to go beyond the information you were given so that you can reach a goal, which may be a solution, a belief, or a decision

Answer 5

thinking

Question 6

means that you have constructed a well-organized mental representation of the problem

Answer 6

understanding

Question 7

refers to the way you translate the elements of the problem into a different format

Answer 7

problem representation

Question 8

a figure that uses tree-like structure to show various possible options in a problem

Answer 8

hierarchical tree diagram

Question 9

we often use helpful information in our immediate environment to create spatial representations

Answer 9

situated cognitive approach

Question 10

we often use our own body and our own motor actions in order to express our abstract thoughts and knowledge

Answer 10

embodied cognitive approach

Question 11

a method that will always produce a solution to the problem, though this process can sometimes be inefficient

Answer 11

algorithm

Question 12

an algorithm where you try out all possible answers using a specific system

Answer 12

exhaustive search

Question 13

a general rule that is usually correct

Answer 13

heuristic

Question 14

you employ a solution to a similar, earlier problem to help you solve a new problem

Answer 14

analogy approach

Question 15

refer to a set of problems that have the same underlying structures and solutions, but different specific details

Answer 15

problem isomorphs

Question 16

the specific objects and terms used in the question, more obvious

Answer 16

surface features

Question 17

the underlying core that you must understand in order to solve the problem correctly

Answer 17

structural features

Question 18

means-end heuristic
smaller problems to tackle

Answer 18

subproblems

Question 19

requires you to indentify the final result and then figure out the methids you will use to reach those ends

Answer 19

means-end heuristic

Question 20

a computer program that will perform a task in the same way that a human would

Answer 20

computer simulation

Question 21

a program whose basic strategy is means-ends analysis

Answer 21

General Problem Solver (GPS)

Question 22

you believe that you possess a certain amount of intelligence and other skills and no amount of effort will help you become better

Answer 22

fixed mindset

Question 23

you believe you have the capacity to improve and grow in your intelligence and other skills

Answer 23

growth mindset

Question 24

we tend to assign a function to an object and cannot think of it having any other function

Answer 24

functional fixedness

Question 25

belonging to a group that is hampered by a negative stereotype and that may affect your performance

Answer 25

stereotype threat

Question 26

the problem initially seems impossible to solve but an alternative approach suddenly bursts into your consciousness

Answer 26

insight problem

Question 27

you solve the problem gradually

Answer 27

noninsight problem