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ANAT 315 > Chapter Five: The Lower Limb > Flashcards

Chapter Five: The Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Lumbar plexus minor branches

A

-ileohypogastric
-ileoinguinal
-genitofemoral
-lateral femoral cutaneous

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2
Q

Ileohypogastric nerve (minor)

A

-T12 and L1

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3
Q

Ileoinguinal nerve (minor)

A

-T12 and L1

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4
Q

Genitofemoral nerve

A

-L1 and L2

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5
Q

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

A

-L2 and L3

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6
Q

Roots of the lumbar plexus

A

-T12 to L5

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7
Q

Major nerves of the lumbar plexus

A

-femoral
-obturator
-lumbosacral trunk

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8
Q

Femoral nerve (major)

A

-L2, 3, 4

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9
Q

Obturator nerve (major)

A

-L2, 3, 4

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10
Q

Lumbosacral trunk (major)

A

-L4, 5

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11
Q

Roots of the sacral plexus

A

-L4 to S4

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12
Q

Major nerves of the sacral plexus

A

-superior gluteal
-inferior gluteal
-sacral sciatic
-pudendal

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13
Q

Superior gluteal nerve (major)

A

-L4, 5, S1

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14
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve (major)

A

-L5, S1 ,2

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15
Q

Sacral sciatic nerve (major)

A

-S1, 2, 3

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16
Q

Pudendal nerve (major)

A

-S2, 3, 4

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17
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

-made up of the lumbosacral trunk and sacral sciatic nerve
-made up of roots L4 to S3

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18
Q

Divisions of the sciatic nerve

A

-tibial
-common peroneal

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19
Q

Minor nerves of the sacral plexus

A

-obturator internus
-gemellus superior
-gemellus inferior
-quatratus femoris
-piriformis

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20
Q

Obturator internus nerve (minor)

A

-L4, 5, S1, 2

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21
Q

Gemellus superior nerve (minor)

A

-L4, 4, S1, 2

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22
Q

Gemellus inferior nerve (minor)

A

-L4, 4, S1

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23
Q

Quadratus femoris nerve (minor)

A

-L4, 5, S1

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24
Q

Piriformis nerve (minor)

A

-S1, 2

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25
Q

Bones of the hip

A

-ilium
-ischium
-pubis

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26
Q

Labelling of the hipbone

A

-page 106/107

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27
Q

The sacroiliac joints

A

-sacroiliac
-sacrospinous
-sacrotuberous

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28
Q

Sacroiliac ligament

A

-join the sacrum to the 2 iliac bones

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29
Q

Sacrospinous ligament

A

-run from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity and the ischial spine

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30
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament

A

-run from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity and the ischial spine

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31
Q

Proximal femur labelling

A

-page 109

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32
Q

Proximal femur head shape

A

-2/3 of a sphere

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33
Q

Muscles of the gluteal region (groups)

A

-the gluteal muscles (3) and the tensor fasciae latae
-the lateral rotators (6)

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34
Q

Gluteal muscles and the tenor fasciae latae

A

-gluteus maximus
-gluteus medius
-gluteus minimus
-tensor fasciae latae

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35
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

-origin: posterior ilium, sacroiliac joint and sacrotuberous ligament
-insertion: deep third inserts on gluteal tuberosity and superficial two thirds insert on insert on IT band
-innervated by inferior gluteal nerve
-powerful hip extensor, lateral rotator and adductor

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36
Q

Gluteus medius

A

-origin: middle of iliac blade
-insert: greater trochanter
-innervated by superior gluteal nerve
-medial rotation

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37
Q

Gluteus minimus

A

-origin: external surface of iliac blade
-insertion: greater trochanter
-innervated by superior gluteal nerve
-medial rotation

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38
Q

Tensor fasciae latae

A

-origin: anterior superior iliac spine
-insertion: IT band and gerdys tubercle
-innervated by the superior gluteal nerve
-acts by tensing the ITB (stabilizor and abductor)

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39
Q

The lateral rotators

A

-piriformis
-obturator internus
-gemellus superior
-gemellus inferior
-obturator externus
-quadratus femoris

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40
Q

Piriformis

A

-origin: inside of pelvis from the front of the sacrum
-insertion: greater trochanter
-innervated by S1, 2
-lateral rotator

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41
Q

Obturator internus

A

-origin: inside the the obturator membrane
-insertion: greater trochanter
-innervated by L4, 5, S1, 2
-lateral rotator

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42
Q

The gemelli (2) (superior and inferior)

A

-origin: edge of the foramen one above and one below the obturator internus
-insertion: on greater trochanter with gemelli
-superior is innervated by L4, 5, S1, 2
-inferior is innervated by L4, 5, S1
-lateral rotators

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43
Q

Obturator externus

A

-origin: outside of obturator membrane
-insertion: base of greater trochanter
-innervated by L2, 3, 4

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44
Q

Quadratus femoris

A

-origin: ischial tuberosity
-insertion: middle of the intertrochanteric crest
-innervated by L4, 5, S1
-lateral rotator

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45
Q

Blood supply and nerves of the gluteal region

A

-labelling on page 113

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46
Q

The hip joint

A

-multiaxial, ball and socket,
-acetabulum articulates with head of femur

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47
Q

Transverse acetablular ligament

A

-completes the “full circle” of the hip joint

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48
Q

Iliofemoral ligament

A

-most important ligament of the hip joint
-inverted V shape
-runs from AIIS to intertrochanteric line
-prevents hyperextension

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49
Q

Pubofemoral ligament

A

-less important ligament of the hip joint
-on back side
-protect medial and lateral aspects of the joint

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50
Q

Ischiofemoral ligaments

A

-less important ligaments of the hip joint
-protect medial and lateral aspects of the joint

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51
Q

Ligaments of the hip joint labelling

A

-page 115

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52
Q

The shaft and distal femur labelling

A

-page 116

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53
Q

The proximal tibia and fibula labelling

A

-page 117

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54
Q

Compartments of the thigh

A

-anterior compartment (extensors)
-medial compartment (adductors)
-posterior compartment (flexors)

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55
Q

The anterior compartment of the thigh

A

-sartorius
-quadriceps femoris (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius , and rectus femoris)

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56
Q

Sartorius

A

-origin: anterior superior iliac spine
-insertion: anterior tibia (included in gooses foot)
-innervated by femoral nerve
-flexes the hip and knee

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57
Q

Rectus femoris (quadricep group)

A

-origin: anterior inferior iliac spine
-insertion: superior border of patella
-innervated by femoral nerve
-flexes hip and extends knee

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58
Q

Vastus medialis (quadricep group)

A

-origin: femur on linea aspera
-insertion: patella
-innervated by femoral nerve
-extend the knee

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59
Q

Vastus lateralis (quadricep group)

A

-origin: femur on linea aspera
-insertion: patella
-innervated by femoral nerve
-extend the knee

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60
Q

Vastus intermedius (quadricep group)

A

-origin: shaft of the femur
-insertion: behind the rectus femoris onto superior border of patella
-innnervated by femoral nerve
-extend the knee

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61
Q

Iliopsoas

A

-psoas origin: transverse process of lumbar vertebrae
-iliacus origin: blade of the ilium
-insertion: lesser trochanter
-innervated by several branches from the lumbar plexus
-flex and laterally rotate the hip

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62
Q

The femoral triangle

A

-made up of inguinal ligament (base), sartorius (lateral wall) and adductor longus (medial wall)

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63
Q

The femoral sheath and canal

A

-piece of abdominal cavity that runs through the thigh
-in the condom there is the artery, vein and lymphatics
-outside the condom is the nerve

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64
Q

Profunda femoris artery

A

-splits into tiny nerves to supply thigh

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65
Q

Adductor hiatus

A

-splits from the side of the knee to go through a hole in the bone and to the back of the knee

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66
Q

Femoral nerve

A

-like a cheesestring

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67
Q

Obturator nerve

A

-goes to medial compartment

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68
Q

Medial compartment of the thigh

A

-anterior layer (gracilis, adductor longus and pectineus)
-posterior layer (adductor brevis, adductor magnus)

69
Q

Gracilis (anterior layer)

A

-origin: pubis
-insertion: upper tibia with sartorius
-innervated by obturator nerve
-adduction, flexion, medial rotation

70
Q

Pectineus (anterior layer)

A

-origin: pubis
-insertion: uppermost linea aspera
-innervated by both the femoral and obturator nerves
-weak flexor and adductor

71
Q

Adductor longus (anterior layer)

A

-origin: pubis
-middle of linea aspera
-innervated by obturator nerve
-adductor

72
Q

Adductor brevis (posterior layer)

A

-origin: pubis
-insertion: behind pectineus
-innervated by obturator nerve
-adductor

73
Q

Adductor magnus (posterior layer)

A

-origin: pubis
-insertion: adductor tubercle
-innervated by tibial division of sciatic nerve and obturator
-adductor

74
Q

Blood and nerve supply to the adductor compartment

A

-obturator artery
-obturator nerve

75
Q

Posterior compartment of the thigh

A

-hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimebranosus)

76
Q

Biceps femoris(hamstring compartment)

A

-long head origin: ischial tuberosity
-short head origin: linea aspera
-insertion: head of fibula
-innervated by the common peroneal division of the sciatic nerve
-extends hip and flexes knee

77
Q

Semitendinosus

A

-origin: proximal muscular belly
-insertion: below medial tibial condyle (gooses foot)
-innervated by tibial division of sciatic nerve
-extends the hip and flexes the knee

78
Q

Semimembranosus

A

-origin: flat aponeurotic origin
-insertion: behind medial condyle of the tibia
-innervated by tibial division of sciatic nerve
-extends the hip and flexes the knee

79
Q

Blood supply to posterior compartment of the thigh

A

-penetrating branches of the profunda femoris artery

80
Q

Nerve supply to posterior compartment of the thigh

A

-sciatic nerve
-enters popliteal fossa and splits into the tibial and common peroneal nerves

81
Q

The popliteal fossa

A

-diamond shape space behind and superior to the knee joint
-branches into the tibial and common peroneal branches

82
Q

The knee joint

A

-modified hinge joint
-flexion and extension
-and at full extension medial and lateral rotation

83
Q

Knee labelling

A

-page 129

84
Q

Lateral meniscus

A

-more circular and is attached only at the two ends
-moves in an anterior/posterior fashion during extension

85
Q

Medial meniscus

A

-more of an ellipse shape and attached to the tibia throughout its length
-since it cannot move it is more likely to be damaged

86
Q

Ligaments of the knee

A

-medial collateral ligament: bipartite, deep part is fan shaped and derived from the fibrous capsule
-lateral collateral ligament: thick cord passing from the lateral epicondyle to the head of the fibula

87
Q

Cruciate ligaments of the knee

A

-anterior cruciate: ACL, runs up from medial tibial condyle and back to the inside of the lateral femoral condyle (prevents posterior disloaction of femur and anterior disloaction of tibia)
-posterior cruciate: PCL, runs forward, upward and medially from the back of the intercondylar eminence to inside of the medial femoral condyle (opposite)

88
Q

Ligament labelling

A

-page 130 and 131

89
Q

Blood and nerve supply to the knee

A

-popliteal artery gives of geniculate arteries (superior, middle and inferior)
-bifurcates to form anterior and posterior tibial arteries

90
Q

The leg labelling (tibia and fibula)

A

-page 132

91
Q

Tarsal bones

A

-talus
-calcaneus
-cuboid
-navicular
-cuneiforms (3)

92
Q

Cuboid articulations

A

-metatarsals 4 & 5

93
Q

Cuneiforms articulations

A

-metatarsals 1, 2 & 3

94
Q

Metatarsals

A

-big toe (hallux) bears half of weight load for each foot

95
Q

Phalanges

A

-toes

96
Q

Sustenaculum tali

A

-on the medial surface of the calcaneus
-supports the talus

97
Q

Anterior compartment of the leg

A

-tibialis anterior
-extensor hallucis longus
-extensor digitorum longus
-extensor digitorum brevis

98
Q

Tibialis anterior (anterior leg)

A

-origin: upper 2 thirds of tibia and interosseous membrane
-insertion: first cuniform and base of first metatarsal
-innervated by deep peroneal nerve
-extends (dorsi flexes)

99
Q

Extensor hallucis longus (anterior leg)

A

-origin: middle half of outside of fibula
-insertion: base of distal phalanx (big toe)
-innervated by deep peroneal nerve
-extends (dorsi flexes)

100
Q

Extensor digitorum longus (anterior leg)

A

-origin: fibula and interosseous membrane
-insertion: 4 tendons on each toe into extensor expansions
-innervated by deep peroneal nerve
-extends (dorsi flexes)

101
Q

Peroneus teritius

A

-seperate tendon from extensor digitorum longus that seperates from main bulk of muscle to insert on the base of the fifth metacarpal
-everts the foot

102
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis (anterior leg)

A

-origin: upper calcaneus near cuboid
-insertion: proximal phalanx of big toe and extensor expansions of the rest
-innervated by deep peroneal nerve
-extends (dorsi flexes)

103
Q

The lateral compartment of the leg

A

-peroneus longus
-peroneus brevis

104
Q

Peroneus longus (lateral leg)

A

-origin: head and upper 2 thirds of fibula
-insertion: runs under sole of foot to insert on medial side at base of the first metatarsal and first cuneiform
-innervated by superficial peroneal nerve
-plantar flexes and everts

105
Q

Peroneus brevis (lateral leg)

A

-origin: distal 2 thirds of fibula
-insertion: base of fifth metatarsal
-innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve
-plantar flexes and everts

106
Q

Posterior compartment of the leg (superficial)

A

-gastrocnemius
-soleus
-plantaris

107
Q

Gastrocnesmius (posterior superficial leg)

A

-origin: two bellies from femoral condyles
-insertion: achilles tendon inserting into calcaneus
-innervated by tibial nerve
-flexes

108
Q

Soleus (posterior superficial leg)

A

-origin: head of fibula and soleal line
-insertion: into achilles tendon
-innervated by tibial nerve
-ankle flexor

109
Q

Plantaris (posterior superficial leg)

A

-origin: lateral femoral condyle
-insertion: achilles tendon
-innervated by tibial nerve
-doesnt do anything

110
Q

Posterior compartment of the leg (deep)

A

-popliteus
-tibialis posterior
-flexor hallucis longus
-flexor digitorum longus

111
Q

Popliteus (posterior deep leg)

A

-origin: behind proximal tibia
-insertion: lateral femoral condyle
-innervated by tibial nerve
-unlocks the knee by lateral rotation

112
Q

Tibialis posterior (posterior deep leg)

A

-origin: back of interosseous membrane
-insertion: navicular and cuneiforms
-innervated by tibial nerve
-plantar flexion and eversion

113
Q

Flexor hallucis longus (posterior deep leg)

A

-origin: lower 2 thirds of fibula
-insertion: base of distal phalanx after running under talus
-innervated by tibial nerve
-flexes

114
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

-origin: lower tibia
-insertion: runs around medial malleolus and into distal phalanges of the 4 toes
-innervated by tibial nerve
-flexes

115
Q

Order of the posterior deep flexors from medial to lateral

A

-tom: tibialis posterior
-dick: flexor digitorum longus
-and: artery, vein, nerve
-harry: flexor hallucis longus

116
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery

A

-how the anterior tibial artery enters the foot

117
Q

Tibiofibular joints

A

-proximal
-middle
-distal

118
Q

Proximal tibiofibular joint

A

-between head of fibula and articular facet under the lateral tibial condyle

119
Q

Middle tibiofibular joint

A

-interosseous membrane

120
Q

Distal tibiofibular joint

A

-very strong fibrous joint
-two bones are united above ankle by the interosseous tibiofibular ligament

121
Q

Ankle joint

A

-hinge joint
-flexion and extension
-inversion and eversion (only at midtalar joint)

122
Q

Ligaments of the ankle

A

-posterior talofibular ligament
-anterior talofibular ligament
-calcaneofibular ligament

123
Q

Ligaments of the knee labelling

A

-page 145

124
Q

Axis of the foot

A

-2nd toe

125
Q

Plantar aponeurosis

A

-stronger than the palmar aponeurosis

126
Q

Layers of the muscles of the foot

A

-superficial muscles
-long flexor tendons and associated muscles
-deep intrinsic muscles
-deep tendons and the interossei

127
Q

Layer 1: Superficial muscles of the foot

A

-abductor hallucis
-flexor digitorum brevis
-abductor digiti minimi

128
Q

Abductor hallucis (layer 1)

A

-origin: medial side of foot
-insertion: 1st proximal phalanx
-innervated by medial plantar nerve
-abducts

129
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis (layer 1)

A

-origin: calcaneus, navicular, cuboid
-insertion: biforcate on middle phalanges of 4 toes
-innervated by medial plantar nerve
-flexes

130
Q

Abductor digiti minimi (layer 1)

A

-origin: lateral side of foot
-insertion: 5th proximal phalanx
-innervated by lateral plantar nerve
-abducts

131
Q

Layer 2: Long flexor tendons and associated muscles

A

-long tendons to flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus
-quadratus planae
-the lumbricals

132
Q

Flexor hallucis longus tendon (layer 2)

A

-insertion: hallux

133
Q

Flexor digitorum longus tendon (layer 2)

A

-insertion: 4 small tendons that run into lateral 4 toes

134
Q

Quadratus plantae (layer 2)

A

-origin: each side of calcaneus
-insertion: flexor digitorum longus tendon
-innervated by lateral plantar nerve
-flex the toes

135
Q

The lumbricals (layer 2)

A

-flexor digoitorum longus to extensor expansiosn of medial side of lateral 4 toes
-medial muscle is innervated by medial plantar nerve and lateral 3 muscles are innervated by lateral plantar nerve

136
Q

Layer 3: Deep intrinsic muscles

A

-flexor hallucis brevis
-adductor hallusis
-flexor digiti minimi brevis

137
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis (layer 3)

A

-origin: 2 bellies on bottom of 1st and 2nd cuneiform
-insertion: two tendons to bottom of proximal phalanx
-innervated by medial plantar nerve
-help to create medial longitudinal arch of the foot

138
Q

Adductor hallucis (layer 3)

A

-oblique origin: base of metatarsals 2, 3, 4
-transverse origin: metatarsal-phalangeal joint
-insertion: lateral sesamoid bone
-innervated by lateral plantar nerve

139
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis (layer 3)

A

-origin: base of fifth metatarsal
-insertion: base of proximal phalanx
-innervated by lateral plantar nerve

140
Q

Layer 4: The interossei and the peroneus longus tendon

A

-plantar interossei
-dorsal interossei
-peroneus longus tendon

141
Q

Plantar interossei (layer 4)

A

-origin: medial sides of metatarsal 3, 4, 5
-insertion: medial side of own extensor expansions
-innervated by lateral plantar nerve
-adduct

142
Q

Dorsal interossei (layer 4)

A

-origin: between the metatarsals
-insertion: medial side of 2nd toe, and lateral sides of toes 2, 3, 4 into extensor expansions
-innervated by lateral plantar nerve
-abduct

143
Q

Peroneus longus tendon (layer 4)

A

-origin: lateral side of the foot
-insertion: base of first metatarsal and cuneiform

144
Q

Joints of the foot

A

-subtalar
-talocalcaneo navicular (TCN)
calcaneocuboid
-composite
-tarsal metatarsal
-metatarsal-phalangeal and interphalangeal

145
Q

Subtalar joint

A

-talus rests on center of calcaneus
-secured by talocalcaneal ligament

146
Q

Talocalcaneo navicular joint

A

-head and neck of talus rest on the sustenaculum tali and articulate with the calcaneus and navicular
-spring ligament

147
Q

Calcaneocuboid (CC) joint

A

-lower than TCN joint
-articulation of the calcaneus and cuboid bone
-short plantar ligament
support medial and lateral arches

148
Q

Composite joint

A

-continous joint space that unites the rest of the tarsals and the second and third metatarsals

149
Q

Tarsal metatarsal joints

A

-cuniforms articulate with metatarsals one, two and three (some are part of composite joint)

150
Q

Metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

A

-like hand but the MP joints can be hyperextended when toes push off while walking

151
Q

Arches of the foot

A

-medial longitudinal arch
-lateral longitudinal arch

152
Q

Medial longitudinal arch

A

-heel (calcaneus) to the 2 sesamoid bones under metatarsal 1
-formed by calcaneus, talus, navicular, metatarsals 1, 2, 3, and sesamoid bones on metatarsals
-supported by short plantar ligament, long plantar ligament, and spring ligament

153
Q

Lateral longitudinal arch

A

-much lower than medial one
-runs from calcaneus to the cuboid to metatarsals 4&5

154
Q

Ligaments of the foot/arches

A

-short plantar ligament
-long plantar ligament
-calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

155
Q

Superficial veins of the lower limb

A

-starts at dorsal venous arch from toes
-laterally the small saphenous vein passes behind lateral malleolus and joins popliteal vein
-medially the great saphenous vein goes over the medial malleolus and enters the femoral vein

156
Q

Which vein passes behind the lateral malleolus

A

-small saphenous vein

157
Q

Which vein passes over medial malleolus

A

-great saphenous vein

158
Q

Plantar flexion

A

-point toes
-extension

159
Q

Dorsal flexion

A

-toward body
-flexion

160
Q

Blood supply of gluteal region

A

-superior gluteal nerve and artery enter though obturator foramen and go above piriformis
-inferior gluteal nerve and artery go under piriformis

161
Q

Blood branches that arise in the femoral triangle

A

-femoral artery turns into medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries and profunda femoris
-then enters the adductor hiatus and turns into politeal artery

162
Q

Medial circumflex artery

A

-upper back of thigh and hip joint

163
Q

Lateral circumflex artery

A

-quads and hip joint

164
Q

Profunda femoris artery

A

-sends branches to posterior compartment

165
Q

Blood supply after popliteal fossa

A

-politeal artery enters and turns into the superior, middle and inferior geniculate arteries
-at bottom of politeal fossa turns into anterior and posterior tibial arteries

166
Q

Blood supply to plantar foot

A

-posterior tibial artery splits into medial and lateral plantar arteries
-which then split into plantar digital arteries (each side of toe)

167
Q

Blood supply to dorsal foot

A

-anterior tibial artery splits into lateral tarsal and dorsalis pedis artery
-which then splits into dorsal digital arteries (each side of toe)

168
Q

Nerve supply (sciatic)

A

-sciatic enters under piriformis and enters popliteal fossa to split into common peroneal and tibial
-common peroneal turns into superficial and deep peroneal branches
-tibial nerve tuns into lateral and plantar nerves

169
Q

Nerve supply (femoral)

A

-goes through femoral triangle and then splits into many branches (like a cheese string)

ANAT 315 (5 decks)

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