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ANAT 315 > Chapter One: Introduction to Gross Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter One: Introduction to Gross Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body standing, feet flat on the floor, head upright, eyes straight ahead, arms by side with hands down, palms forward, fingers unclenched.

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2
Q

Superior and Inferior

A

Superior: above (shoulder superior to hip)
Inferior: below (spine is inferior to skull)

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3
Q

Medial and Lateral

A

Medial: toward centre (chest is medial to arm)
Lateral: toward sides of body (arm is lateral to chest)

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4
Q

Anterior and Posterior

A

Anterior: front of body (stomach)
Posterior: back of body (back)

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5
Q

Proximal and Distal

A

Proximal: close to body attachment
Distal: further away from body attachment (wrist is distal to the elbow)

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6
Q

Superficial and Deep

A

Superficial: closer to body surface (muscles are superficial to bones)
Deep: further into body (muscles are deep to skin)

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7
Q

Horizontal/Transverse

A

Perpendicular to vertical plane (cuts body in half separating top from bottom)

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8
Q

Coronal/Frontal

A

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections (like a tiara)

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9
Q

Sagittal

A

Divides the body into right and left portions

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10
Q

Simple Epithelial

A

One layer of cells thick

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11
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cells thick

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12
Q

Squamous Epithelium

A

Flat cells

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13
Q

Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Cubic

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14
Q

Columnar Epithelium

A

Tall

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15
Q

Superficial Fascia

A

Form the insulating layer of the skin

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16
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

-Made up of cells and fibres
-Fills the spaces of the body and has many structural, metabolic, and immune functions
-Also makes up the superficial fascia of gross anatomy

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17
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Loose connective tissue made up of fat cells

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18
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect one bone to the next

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19
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscles to bone

20
Q

Bone Layers

A

-Outer (cortical) layer
-Inner spongy (cancellous) bone layer
-Medulla/medullary cavity: contains hematopoeitic blood forming tissue

21
Q

Parts of the Bone

A

-Diaphysis (shaft)
-Epiphysis (each end)

22
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Growth plate

23
Q

Nutrient Foramina

A

Hole in the bone where blood vessels enter and leave

24
Q

Cartilage

A

Type of supporting/connective tissue
-softer, more pliable than bone and receives nutrients through diffusion

25
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

-most common
-precursor of bones
-covers joint surfaces, coastal cartilage and nasal septum

26
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

-very flexible
-external ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tube

27
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

-very tough and inelastic cartilage
-intervertebral discs, and symphysis pubis

28
Q

3 types of muscle

A

-smooth muscle
-cardiac muscle
-skeletal muscle

29
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

-involuntary/not under conscious control
-digestive tract, urinary tract and reproductive system

30
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

-found only in the heart
-rate of contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

31
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

-voluntary muscle
-under direct control of the brain via motor fibres of somatic nervous system

32
Q

Skeletal Muscle Terminology: Origin

A

Attachment of the muscle to the bone (usually proximal attachment)

33
Q

Skeletal Muscle Terminology: Insertion

A

-attachment of the muscle by a tendon into the bone
-generally more distal than origin

34
Q

Skeletal Muscle Terminology: Motor Unit

A

-group of muscle cells innervated by branches of the same motor nerve

35
Q

2 basic nervous tissue cells

A

-neurons (active cells)
-glia (supporting cells)

36
Q

Neuron Parts

A

-cell body
-axon
-dendrites

37
Q

Myelin

A

Form the myelin sheath, which wraps around the axon.

38
Q

Glial cell types

A

-astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microcytes
-ependymal cells

39
Q

Astrocytes

A

-largest population of glia
-star-like
-interconnect between neurons, themselves and between neurons and capillaries

40
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

-form insulation for axons in the CNS

41
Q

Microcytes

A

-CNS ‘clean up’ cells that remove debris

42
Q

Ependymal cells

A

-specialized cells lining the ventricles of the CNS

43
Q

Synapses

A

-how one neuron communicates with another
-uni-directional

44
Q

Types of nerves

A

-efferent nerves (motor/outgoing fibres)
-afferent nerves (sensory/incoming fibres)

45
Q

Somatic nerves

A

Going to skeletal muscle

ANAT 315 (5 decks)

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