Chapter One: Introduction to Gross Anatomy

Question 1

Anatomical Position

Answer 1

Body standing, feet flat on the floor, head upright, eyes straight ahead, arms by side with hands down, palms forward, fingers unclenched.

Question 2

Superior and Inferior

Answer 2

Superior: above (shoulder superior to hip)
Inferior: below (spine is inferior to skull)

Question 3

Medial and Lateral

Answer 3

Medial: toward centre (chest is medial to arm)
Lateral: toward sides of body (arm is lateral to chest)

Question 4

Anterior and Posterior

Answer 4

Anterior: front of body (stomach)
Posterior: back of body (back)

Question 5

Proximal and Distal

Answer 5

Proximal: close to body attachment
Distal: further away from body attachment (wrist is distal to the elbow)

Question 6

Superficial and Deep

Answer 6

Superficial: closer to body surface (muscles are superficial to bones)
Deep: further into body (muscles are deep to skin)

Question 7

Horizontal/Transverse

Answer 7

Perpendicular to vertical plane (cuts body in half separating top from bottom)

Question 8

Coronal/Frontal

Answer 8

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections (like a tiara)

Question 9

Sagittal

Answer 9

Divides the body into right and left portions

Question 10

Simple Epithelial

Answer 10

One layer of cells thick

Question 11

Stratified Epithelium

Answer 11

Multiple layers of cells thick

Question 12

Squamous Epithelium

Answer 12

Flat cells

Question 13

Cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 13

Cubic

Question 14

Columnar Epithelium

Answer 14

Tall

Question 15

Superficial Fascia

Answer 15

Form the insulating layer of the skin

Question 16

Loose Connective Tissue

Answer 16

-Made up of cells and fibres
-Fills the spaces of the body and has many structural, metabolic, and immune functions
-Also makes up the superficial fascia of gross anatomy

Question 17

Adipose Tissue

Answer 17

Loose connective tissue made up of fat cells

Question 18

Ligaments

Answer 18

Connect one bone to the next

Question 19

Tendons

Answer 19

Connect muscles to bone

Question 20

Bone Layers

Answer 20

-Outer (cortical) layer
-Inner spongy (cancellous) bone layer
-Medulla/medullary cavity: contains hematopoeitic blood forming tissue

Question 21

Parts of the Bone

Answer 21

-Diaphysis (shaft)
-Epiphysis (each end)

Question 22

Epiphyseal Plate

Answer 22

Growth plate

Question 23

Nutrient Foramina

Answer 23

Hole in the bone where blood vessels enter and leave

Question 24

Cartilage

Answer 24

Type of supporting/connective tissue
-softer, more pliable than bone and receives nutrients through diffusion

Question 25

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 25

-most common -precursor of bones -covers joint surfaces, coastal cartilage and nasal septum

Question 26

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 26

-very flexible -external ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tube

Question 27

Fibrocartilage

Answer 27

-very tough and inelastic cartilage -intervertebral discs, and symphysis pubis

Question 28

3 types of muscle

Answer 28

-smooth muscle -cardiac muscle -skeletal muscle

Question 29

Smooth Muscle

Answer 29

-involuntary/not under conscious control -digestive tract, urinary tract and reproductive system

Question 30

Cardiac muscle

Answer 30

-found only in the heart -rate of contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Question 31

Skeletal muscle

Answer 31

-voluntary muscle -under direct control of the brain via motor fibres of somatic nervous system

Question 32

Skeletal Muscle Terminology: Origin

Answer 32

Attachment of the muscle to the bone (usually proximal attachment)

Question 33

Skeletal Muscle Terminology: Insertion

Answer 33

-attachment of the muscle by a tendon into the bone -generally more distal than origin

Question 34

Skeletal Muscle Terminology: Motor Unit

Answer 34

-group of muscle cells innervated by branches of the same motor nerve

Question 35

2 basic nervous tissue cells

Answer 35

-neurons (active cells) -glia (supporting cells)

Question 36

Neuron Parts

Answer 36

-cell body -axon -dendrites

Question 37

Myelin

Answer 37

Form the myelin sheath, which wraps around the axon.

Question 38

Glial cell types

Answer 38

-astrocytes -oligodendrocytes -microcytes -ependymal cells

Question 39

Astrocytes

Answer 39

-largest population of glia -star-like -interconnect between neurons, themselves and between neurons and capillaries

Question 40

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 40

-form insulation for axons in the CNS

Question 41

Microcytes

Answer 41

-CNS 'clean up' cells that remove debris

Question 42

Ependymal cells

Answer 42

-specialized cells lining the ventricles of the CNS

Question 43

Synapses

Answer 43

-how one neuron communicates with another -uni-directional

Question 44

Types of nerves

Answer 44

-efferent nerves (motor/outgoing fibres) -afferent nerves (sensory/incoming fibres)

Question 45

Somatic nerves

Answer 45

Going to skeletal muscle