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Preparing for clinical practice: Medical Terminology > Chapter Four: Body Structure > Flashcards

Chapter Four: Body Structure Flashcards

1
Q

what are cells and what do they make up?

A

smallest structural and functional unit of life; make up tissues

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2
Q

what is tissue and what does it make up?

A

composed of similar cells that perform specialized / common functions; make up organs

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3
Q

what is an organ and what do they make up?

A

body structures that perform specialized functions; make up organ systems

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4
Q

what is an organ system and what do they make up?

A

composed of varying number of organs and organ accessory structures that have similar / related functions; make up an organism

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5
Q

what is an organism?

A

highest living level of organization and is a complete living entity of independent existence

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6
Q

what are three main structures all cells share?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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7
Q

what are the four types of tissue that the body contains?

A

1) epithelial tissue
2) connective tissue
3) muscle tissue
4) nervous tissue

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8
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities, forms tubes& ducts and provides the secreting portion of glands

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9
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

supports and connects other body tissues (examples: cartilage, adipose, bone, and blood)

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10
Q

what is muscle tissue?

A

provides contractile unit of tissue in the body and is responsible for movement

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11
Q

what is nervous tissue?

A

transmits electrical impulses as it relays info through the entire body

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12
Q

what is anatomical position?

A

person stands (or lays) erect, face forward and arms at the side of the body, palm and hands turned forward and feet parallel to each other.

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13
Q

anterior / ventral

A

towards the front

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14
Q

posterior / dorsal

A

towards the back

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15
Q

superior / cranial

A

towards the head or above another body part

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16
Q

inferior / caudal

A

towards the feet or body part is below another body part

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17
Q

medial

A

towards the imaginary midline of the body

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18
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

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19
Q

proximal

A

body part is closer to the point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body

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20
Q

distal

A

body part is father away from the point of attachment or father from trunk or torso

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21
Q

superficial / external

A

part is located near the surface

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22
Q

deep / internal

A

part is located away from the surface

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23
Q

prone

A

lying face downward

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24
Q

supine

A

lying face forward (hold the soup)

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25
palmar
associated with the palm of the hand
26
plantar
associated with the sole of the foot
27
intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
28
what does the axial skeleton consist of?
- skull - thorax (ribs & sternum) - vertebral column
29
what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
- appendages - pelvic bone - shoulder girdle & scapula
30
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
31
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
32
inversion
sole of the food turns medially (turns in)
33
eversion
sole of the foot turns laterally (turns out)
34
transverse / horizontal plane
divides the body into top and bottom sections
35
frontal / coronal plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
36
mid sagittal / median plane
runs through the center of the body dividing it into right and left halves
37
what are the two main body cavities?
1) dorsal (posterior) cavity | 2) ventral (anterior) cavity
38
what does the dorsal (posterior) cavity contain?
cranial cavity and spinal cavity
39
what two cavities does the ventral (anterior) cavity contain?
thoracic cavity and abdominal-pelvic cavity which is further divided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
40
what is the parietal membrane?
lines the body cavity
41
what is the visceral membrane?
lines the organs
42
what is serous fluid?
yellowish / clear fluid that reduces friction
43
what are metabolic diseases?
diseases of the metabolism such as diabetes
44
what are infectious diseases?
disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites; such as flu and fungal infections
45
what are congenital diseases?
medical condition that is present at or before birth- it can be hereditary but does not have to be- such as birth defects, cystic fibrosis, down syndrome and cleft lip
46
what are hereditary diseases?
disease or disorder that is inherited genetically, such as Huntington's disease, down syndrome, celiac disease
47
what are environmental diseases?
non-communicable diseases that result when people are chronically exposed to toxic environmental chemicals; such as skin cancer
48
what are neoplastic diseases?
conditions that cause tumor growth, both benign and malignant; all cancers
49
Adhesion
scar tissue, abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated
50
Analyte
identifying pathogens
51
Febrile
having or showing symptoms of fever
52
Homeostasis
the bodies normal/constant state
53
Inflammation
infections are inflammatory disorders and can contain pus
54
Morbid
deathly condition or borderline of death
55
Sepsis
toxic pathogen gets into the blood stream affecting many organ systems
56
Suppurative
containing or producing pus
57
Ablation
cauterization (burning), radioactivity, chemicals
58
Anastomosis
taking a tubular structure and put it back together, surgical joining
59
Cauterize
bove needle (electrocauterize) to cut through tissue without making patients bleed
60
Curettage
circle cutting device used to remove skin growths
61
Incision and drainage (I&D)
Surgical cut made to relieve pressure, remove pus / debris in abscesses
62
Laser Surgery
procedure using an instrument that emits a high-powered beam of light used to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissue
63
Radical Dissection
surgical removal of tissue in an extensive area surrounding the surgical site in an attempt to excise all tissue that may be malignant and decrease the chance of recurrence
64
Resection
removal of part or all of a structure, organ, or tissue
65
what temperature is considered febrile?
100.4 F or 38 C
66
Computed tomography scan (CT scan)
medical imaging procedure that uses computer processed combinations of many x-rays to produce cross sectional images of specific areas allowing the user to see inside an organ without cutting it - emits radiation
67
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scanners use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of organs in the body- no radiation
68
positron emission. tomography (PET)
imaging technique that uses radioactive substance to visualize and measure metabolic processes in the body - emits radiation
69
Single Photon Emission computed tomography (SPECT)
nuclear medicine tomographic imaging using gamma rays. Able to provide true 3D information - emits radiation
70
Doppler
no radiation- ultrasonography that employs the Doppler effect to generate imaging of the movement of tissues and body fluids, and their relative velocity to the probe
71
fluoroscopy
imaging technique that uses x-rays to obtain a real time moving images of the interior of an object - emits radiation
72
ultrasonography (ultrasound or sonogram)
medical test using high frequency sound waves to capture live images in the body. typically used during pregnancy - no radiation
73
biopsy tools: needle
penetrating into a space
74
biopsy tools: punch
device that is a circular blade
75
biopsy tools: shave
razor allows us to shave off the top of something
76
biopsy tools: frozen section
freezing off a piece of tissue
77
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
based on MRI to view blood vessels. Generates images of arteries in order to evaluate for stenosis, occlusions, aneurysms or other abnormalities - no radiation
78
echocardiogram
ultrasound of the heart
79
cirrh/o & jaunt/o & xanth/o
yellow
80
melan/o
black
81
cyan/o
blue
82
erythr/o
red
83
poli/o
gray
84
viscer/o
internal organs
85
what is a diagnosis?
establishing the cause and nature of disease
86
what is a prognosis?
prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome
87
what is a idiopathic disease?
disease is one whose cause is unknown or exists without any connection with a known cause
88
edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces as a result of systemic disease or failure of the lymphatic system to drain tissue fluid from site
89
gangrene
death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection
90
hernia
protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
91
mycosis
any fungal infection in or on the body
92
perforation
hole that completely penetrates a structure
93
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs- usually caused by bacteria or fungi
94
rupture
sudden breaking or bursting of an organ
95
septicemia
severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood (aka. sepsis / blood poisoning)
96
suppuration
process of forming pus
97
what is auscultation?
listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds
98
what is palpation?
gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures
99
what is percussion?
tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess the consistency and the presence or absence of fluids within the underlying structure
100
endoscopy
visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
101
blood chemistry analysis
laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities and nutritional conditions
102
complete blood count (CBC)
broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases
103
nuclear scan
radioactive material called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested or injected) and a gamma camera produces images of organs and structures
104
biopsy
removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination usually to establish a diagnosis
105
excisions
biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed
106
incisional
biopsy in which only one small sample of the lesion is removed
107
revision
surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery

Preparing for clinical practice: Medical Terminology (3 decks)

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