Chapter III Prokaryotic Cells

Question 1

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Bacteria, cyanobacteria, archaea

Answer 1

Prokaryotes

Question 2

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Protozoans, algae, fungi, plants, & animals

Answer 2

Eukaryotes

Question 3

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Generally 1-10μm in linear dimension

Answer 3

Prokaryotes

Question 4

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Generally 5-100μm in linear dimension

Answer 4

Eukaryotes

Question 5

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Anaerobic or aerobic

Answer 5

Prokaryotes

Question 6

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Aerobic

Answer 6

Eukaryotes

Question 7

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Few or none; no nucleus

Answer 7

Prokaryotes

Question 8

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, ER, Golgi
complex, etc. present

Answer 8

Eukaryotes

Question 9

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Circular DNA in cytoplasm

Answer 9

Prokaryotes

Question 10

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Linear DNA with noncoding regions in nucleus

Answer 10

Eukaryotes

Question 11

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

RNA and protein synthesized in the same
compartment

Answer 11

Prokaryotes

Question 12

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

RNA in nucleus; protein in cytoplasm

Answer 12

Eukaryotes

Question 13

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

No cytoskeleton

Answer 13

Prokaryotes

Question 14

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

With cytoskeleton

Answer 14

Eukaryotes

Question 15

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Chromosomes pulled apart by membrane
attachments

Answer 15

Prokaryotes

Question 16

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Uses cytoskeletal spindle apparatus

Answer 16

Eukaryotes

Question 17

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Mainly unicellular

Answer 17

Prokaryotes

Question 18

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Mainly multicellular ,with differentiation in cell types

Answer 18

Eukaryotes

Question 19

• similar in structure and function to the eukaryotic cell membrane
• consists of membrane proteins and phospholipids
• a flexible, semi-permeable membrane

Answer 19

Prokaryotic Cells

Cell Membrane

Question 20

• About 80% water proteins 
(enzymes), carbohydrates, lipids, 
inorganic ions
• Major structures:
– Ribosomes
– Nucleoid - contains a single 
long, continuous, and 
frequently circularly arranged 
thread of double-stranded DNA 
called the bacterial 
chromosome

Answer 20

Prokaryotic Cells

Cytoplasm

Question 21

• With the exception of mycoplasmas, all bacteria have a
semirigid cell wall
– component: peptidoglycan, a large polymer composed of Nacetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
– Gram-positive bacteria have more peptidoglycan account
for their ability to retain the stain in the Gram stain procedure
– Gram-negative bacteria have more lipids in their cell wall

Answer 21

Prokaryotic Cells

Cell Wall

Question 22

Have more peptidoglycan account

for their ability to retain the stain in the Gram stain procedure

Answer 22

Gram-positive bacteria

Question 23

Have more lipids in their cell wall

Answer 23

Gram-negative bacteria

Question 24

_____ stains both Gram-positive
and Gram-negative cells purple

– Iodine as mordant forms large complexes
that cannot escape the cell wall easily

Answer 24

Crystal violet

Question 25

_____ dehydrates the peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria, but dissolves the outer membrane of the Gram - negative so they become colorless

Answer 25

Alcohol

Question 26

___ colors the Gram-negative cells | red or pink

Answer 26

Safranin

Question 27

• slimy, gelatinous material produced by cell membrane and secreted outside the cell wall • serves as a reservoir for nutrients and protects the organism from changes in the environment ``` • when the glycocalyx is a tightly bound structure, it is known as a capsule and slime layer when it is a poorly bound structure that flows easily ```

Answer 27

Glycocalyx

Question 28

``` • thread-like, protein appendages used for locomotion • made up of the protein flagellin. • its shape is a 20 nanometer-thick hollow tube • it is helical and has a sharp bend just outside the outer membrane; this "hook" allows the helix to point directly away from the cell. ```

Answer 28

Flagellum

Question 29

``` • can occur at the poles of bacterial cells and they can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell • enables the cells to adhere to surfaces, including those of the other cells; helps the cell to colonize mucus membranes ```

Answer 29

Fimbriae

Question 30

``` • Hair-like structures most often observed on Gram-negative bacteria • Composed of polymerized protein called pilin • They arise from the cytoplasm and extends to cell membrane, cell wall, and capsule (if present) • Two types: adhering pili and sex pilus ```

Answer 30

Pili (sing., pili)

Question 31

``` • Specialized “resting cells” formed by some Gram-positive bacteria such as Clostridium and Bacillus • Formed when nutrients are depleted ```

Answer 31

Endospores

Question 32

``` • process results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell by division into two parts which each have the potential to grow to the size of the original cell ```

Answer 32

Binary fission

Question 33

• formation of a new organism by the protrusion of part of another organism

Answer 33

Budding