Chapter Nine

Question 1

Social Location/Positionality

Answer 1

defined as the combination of factors including gender, race, social class, and many more. Social location is particular to each individual; that is, social location is never the exact same for any two individuals

Question 2

Immigration

Answer 2

Refers to the movement of people into a country from another

Question 3

Push Factors

Answer 3

Aspects of a country that make someone want to leave

Question 4

Pull Factors

Answer 4

Aspects of another country that make someone want to go live there

Question 5

Racism

Answer 5

a belief that race is a fundamental determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

Question 6

Prejudice

Answer 6

favourable or unfavourable preconceived feeling or opinion formed without knowledge, reason, or thought that prevents objective consideration of an idea, individual, group, or thing

Question 7

Scapegoating

Answer 7

the act of blaming a person or group for something bad that has happened or that someone else has done

Question 8

Ethnocentrism

Answer 8

The belief that one’s own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one’s own

Question 9

Racialization

Answer 9

political process of ascribing ethnic or racial identities to a relationship, social practice, or group that did not identify itself as such for the purpose of domination and social exclusion

Question 10

Brain Drain

Answer 10

The emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country

Question 11

Anthem Protests

Answer 11

athletes protest against a variety of perceived injustices in the United States by kneeling on one knee while the U.S. national anthem is played

Question 12

BlackLivesMatter

Answer 12

decentralized political and social movement that seeks to highlight racism, discrimination, and racial inequality experienced by black people, and promote anti-racism

Question 13

Police Bias

Answer 13

History of police rooted in catching escaped enslaved peoples, enforcing racist laws such as the vagrancy laws to find ways to re-enslave Black Americans, keeping the Black Civil rights movement in check due the movement challenging racist laws like segregation, intentionally over policing Black communities due to perceived criminality into the modern era

Question 14

Critical Race Theory Tenat #1

Answer 14

Race is a socially constructed and NOT a biologically grounded category. It is used to oppress and exploit people of color

Question 15

Tenat #2

Answer 15

Racism is a normal, persistent, and defining characteristic of social institutions including politics, the legal system, the economy, and all other societal institutions/structures

Question 16

Tenat #3

Answer 16

Progress on racial issues occurs primarily during periods of interest convergence

Question 17

Tenat #4

Answer 17

Individuals cannot be adequately understood by their membership in separate marginalized communities

Question 18

Interest Convergence

Answer 18

when marginalized group interests are taken up by the dominant group only due to it fitting their own interests

Question 19

Social Desirability

Answer 19

the tendency for respondents of surveys to underreport socially undesirable attitudes and behaviors and to over report more desirable attributes

Question 20

Sampling Bias

Answer 20

a survey not including specific groups of people for intentional or unintentional reasons

Question 21

Statistical Discrimination

Answer 21

occurs when distinctions between demographic groups are made on the basis of real or imagined statistical distinctions between the groups

Question 22

Proportionality

Answer 22

The fact or quality of being in proper balance or relation as to size or quantity, degree, or severity

Question 23

Intergenerational Trauma

Answer 23

trauma that gets passed down from those who directly experience an incident to subsequent generations

Question 24

Contact Hypothesis

Answer 24

that contact between groups can shape the prejudices and opinions of those involved

Question 25

Feedback Loop

Answer 25

when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop

Question 26

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 26

the phenomenon whereby a person's or a group's expectation for the behavior of another person or group serves actually to bring about the prophesized or expected behavior

Question 27

Matthew Effect

Answer 27

upward and downward forces that enable the wealthy to stay rich and limits the poor from gaining ground

Question 28

Ethnicity

Answer 28

the social group a person belongs to, and either identifies with or is identified with by others

Question 29

Intersectionality

Answer 29

Refers to the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage

Question 30

Race (Social)

Answer 30

It is only because people think race IS important that it becomes important, and the significance of race has grown out of social practices and institutions.

Question 31

Race (Biological)

Answer 31

Genetically ANY two humans are 99.9% alike and there is no genetic test that can determine race without using social definitions of race

Question 32

Race

Answer 32

a group of people who share a set of characteristics – typically, but not always, physical ones – and are said to share a common bloodline (deemed socially significant)

Question 33

Race vs. Ethnicity

Answer 33

- LESS FLUID - BASED ON OTHERS PERCEPTION - MORE FLUID - BASED ON WHAT ONE IDENTIFIES WITH

Question 34

Assimilation

Answer 34

The process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society

Question 35

Pluralism

Answer 35

A mixing of different cultures in which each culture retains its own unique identity

Question 36

Overt Discrimination

Answer 36

Clear and direct discrimination that is not hidden (in the sense that prejudiced beliefs are clearly the perpetrator’s motivation)

Question 37

Subtle Discrimination

Answer 37

Unclear or indirect discrimination that is difficult to analyze or describe due to the perpetrators' motivations being unclear

Question 38

Systemic Discrimination

Answer 38

Patterns of behaviour, policies or practices that reflect current or former prejudices and that are embedded within the structures of a formal social organization, and which create or perpetuate disadvantage for marginalized persons

Question 39

Adaptive Discrimination

Answer 39

This is when someone discriminates against a group of people not because of holding prejudiced beliefs themselves, but because they know other people are prejudiced and fear the consequences from those with prejudice

Question 40

Cultural Racism

Answer 40

the ways in which the culture of a society perpetuates the subordination of individuals based on their race

Question 41

Whitewashing

Answer 41

deliberately attempting to conceal unpleasant or incriminating facts

Question 42

Conscious Bias

Answer 42

overt (readily apparent/not secret or hidden) negative behavior that can be expressed through physical and verbal harassment or through more subtle means such as exclusion

Question 43

Unconscious Bias

Answer 43

Bias that operates outside of the person’s awareness and can be in direct contradiction to a person’s espoused beliefs and values. What is so dangerous about implicit bias is that it automatically seeps into a person’s affect or behavior and is outside of the full awareness of that person

Question 44

Microagression

Answer 44

a comment or action that subtly and often unconsciously or unintentionally expresses a prejudiced attitude toward a member of a marginalized group (such as a racial minority)

Question 45

Mastery

Answer 45

feeling that one has personal control over one’s life, such as the ability to meet one’s goals through their individual effort and talents

Question 46

Relative Deprivation

Answer 46

anger and resentment stemming from the perception of having less economic, political, and social resources and rights than other groups